国外机床集锦---【一】

小编薇薇

国外机床集锦---【链接】

由【GOOGLE翻译】译文-----超长部分未翻完，自己GOOGLE吧

A complete set of Craftsman sales and other literature is available, covering
all machines produced during the period 1929 to 1966
【一】
Last AA109 (Craftsman) Lathe Model 109.21280

Originally finished in gold paint, the 3-inch centre height by 19.25" between centres Model 109.21280 was the last lathe made by the AA company and listed in the Sears, Roebuck Craftsman catalog until the late 1960s. Although rather crudely finished and detailed, its build was considerable more robust than early versions of the 109, with a distinctly "square" appearance to the headstock - the styling of which has sometimes caused it to be confused with the later Atlas Mk. 2 6-inch, also sold branded as a Craftsman but with no connection at all to the AA lathe. The machine at the top of this page has been repainted grey - the one lower down is in its factory finish and, almost certainly, the very best of its type yet to be offered for sale.
While previous 109 beds had been formed with two V-ways, on this last model the front was a V and the rear a flat - with both shared by carriage and tailstock. For decades, most small lathes have been arranged so that carriage and tailstock run on different ways, or different parts of the same way, to ensure that the tailstock does not have to run over the bed worn away by the saddle and spoil its height alignment. Unfortunately, on all 109s, in the interests of economy, the ways were shared.
With a comprehensive threading chart attached to the front face, the headstock had its back section left completely open (in traditional 109 style) but was not, as on previous models, further cut way over the top of the bearings; instead, to improve stiffness, the side walls were made as deep as possible from front to back. The spindle, much heavier than on any previous AA lathe and equipped with a 1" x 10 t.p.i. nose and No. 2 Morse taper socket, ran in plain bearing and was fitted with a 5 : 1 ratio epicyclic slow-speed "backgear" built into the largest diameter of the 3-step pulley. In order to engage the low-speed range, the outer casing of the epicyclic gear was prevented from rotating by a crude stud carried on a bracket bolted to the back of the bed. Once the casing was immobilised, and a small pin removed to allow the internal "planet" gears to be rotated by the "sun" gear attached to the drive pulley, the mechanism would turn and provide a range of low speeds. Even though the headstock pulley was driven directly from the motor, with no intermediate speed-reducing countershaft (a common failing on many Craftsman-branded lathes), the arrangement gave a total of 6 speeds of which the slowest just allowed for safe screwcutting and the turning of large diameters on a faceplate.
Although constructed as previous 109 models, with apron and saddle cast as one unit, the entire carriage assembly was completely re-engineered: the full-depth apron carried a proper handwheel, driving through a reduction gear to a rack on the bed (instead of a handwheel on a leadscrew that ran though a full-nut on the apron) and both cross and top slides (the latter looking remarkably similar to that used on the contemporary 6-inch Atlas) were fitted with micrometer dials.
Unlike earlier models of the 109, the tumble-reverse lever, which allowed the carriage travel to be reversed and right and left-hand threads cut at will, was not located by a spring indent; instead the end cover had to be opened and the unit unbolted before the gears could be repositioned. Small adjuster screws, to set the mesh of the tumble gears with the headstock spindle gear, passed through each side of the casting to impinge against the locking bolt. The leadscrew was, for an AA lathe, of both unusually fine pitch and large diameter: 5/8" x 16 t.p.i.
A robust unit, the set-over tailstock was, after years of inadequate and frustrating use of the tiny No. 0 Morse taper, finally given the much more useful No. 1
Of all the AA109 versions this is the rarest, and hence probably sold only in limited numbers. .

The AA Craftsman 109.21280 with its distinctive rectangular headstock
A comprehensive threading chart was attached to the front face of the headstock.  

The tumble reverse mechanism, carried on a crude bracket,  had to be unbolted before it could be moved and the carriage drive could be reversed in directions. Note the small adjuster screw, to set the mesh of the tumble gears with the headstock spindle gear, running through the casting from the top to impinge against the lock screw. Another adjuster ran through from underneath to set the mesh of the other gear.

Although constructed as previous 109 models - with apron and saddle cast as one unit - the entire carriage assembly was completely re-engineered. The full-depth apron carried a proper handwheel, driving through rack and pinion gearing (instead of a handwheel on a leadscrew that ran though a full-nut on the apron), and both cross and top slides were fitted with micrometer dials.

Direct belt drive from the motor - the lack of an integral countershaft being a common failing on many Craftsman-branded lathes - was partially compensated for by the inclusion of an effective and neat epicyclic "backgear" built into the 3-step headstock pulley. It was engaged by preventing the rotation of the outer casing by a simple bolt, carried on a bracket bolted to the back of the bed. A small pin, visible on the front face of the pulley, would have required moving (though sideways or by extraction is not known) to allow the "planet" gears to be rotated by the "sun" gear attached to the 3-step pulley. Although the back of the headstock was completely open, as on previous 109 lathes, in this case the casting had not been further cut way over the top of the bearings but arranged to go as far back as possible to improve stiffness.

The No. 1 Morse taper tailstock used a robust casting with  the self-eject barrel having an adjustable guide screw and a proper compression lock on the spindle


最后AA109（工匠）车床型号109.21280

最初由金漆制成，中心高为3英寸，中心高度为19.25英寸，型号为109.21280，是AA公司生产的最后一款车床，在上世纪六十年代后期在西尔斯罗巴克工匠的产品目录中列出。比109的早期版本更加强大，与头部有明显的“方形”外观 - 其造型有时会使它与后来的Atlas Mk.26英寸相混淆，也被称为“工匠，但与AA车床完全没有任何联系，页面顶部的机器已经被重新粉刷成灰色 - 下面的机器在工厂完成，几乎可以肯定，它的最好的类型还没有提供给出售。
虽然以前的109个病床已经形成了两个V型，在最后一个型号的前面是一个V型，后面是一个单位，两个车厢和尾座共享。数十年来，大多数小型车床的布置使得车架和尾架以不同的方式或不同的部件以相同的方式运行，以确保尾架不必越过被鞍架磨损的床并破坏其高度对齐。不幸的是，在所有的109号上，为了经济的利益，这些方式是分享的。
通过在前面附上全面的螺纹图，主轴箱的后部保持完全敞开（采用传统的109型），但不像以前的型号那样在轴承顶部进一步切割。相反，为了提高刚度，侧壁从前到后尽可能深。主轴比以前的AA车床重得多，并配有1“x 10 tpi的机头和2号莫氏锥形套筒，采用滑动轴承，并配有5：1比例的行星式慢速”背架“进入三级滑轮的最大直径，为了接合低速范围，行星齿轮的外壳通过一个用螺栓固定在床后面的支架上的粗牙螺栓来防止旋转。外壳被固定住，并且一个小销子被移除以允许内部“行星”齿轮通过连接到驱动皮带轮的“太阳”齿轮旋转，该机构将转动并提供一定范围的低速，即使头部皮带轮由电机直接驱动，没有中间的减速副轴（许多工匠品牌车床上常见的故障），总共有6个速度，其中最慢的只允许安全的螺旋切削和转动大直径面板。
尽管以前的109款车型，作为一个单位的围裙和马鞍铸造，整个运输组件完全重新设计：全深度围裙携带一个适当的手轮，通过减速齿轮驱动到床架（而不是一个丝杠上的手轮穿过围裙上的全螺母）以及交叉和顶部滑块（后者看起来非常类似于当代6英寸阿特拉斯使用的），它们都配有千分尺刻度盘。
与早期的109型号不同的是，可以使滑架行程反向并且可以随意切割右侧和左侧螺纹的翻转杆不是由弹簧凹槽定位的;相反，在齿轮可以重新定位之前，必须打开端盖并取下螺栓。小型调节螺钉通过铸件的每一侧通过头架主轴齿轮来设置滚动齿轮的啮合，以便撞击锁定螺栓。对于AA车床，导螺杆既具有异常细间距又具有大直径：5/8“x 16 t.p.i.
一个强大的单位，结束了尾座，是经过多年的不足和令人沮丧的使用0号莫尔斯锥度，最后给了更有用的1号
在所有AA109版本中，这是最罕见的，因此可能只有有限的数量销售。 。




AA工匠109.21280与其独特的矩形主轴箱
  

  


主轴箱前面贴有全面的螺纹图表。
  

  

在粗支架上运行的滚筒翻转机构必须在可移动之前松开，并且可以使滑架驱动方向反转。注意小的调节螺钉，将倒圆齿轮的啮合部分与头架主轴齿轮啮合，从顶部穿过铸件撞击锁紧螺钉。另一个调节器从下面跑过来设置另一个齿轮的网格。


  

尽管以前的109款车型（带有皮圈和鞍座作为一个整体车身）的构造，整个车架组件都经过了全面的重新设计。全深度的围裙带着一个合适的手轮，通过齿条齿轮传动（而不是通过丝杠上的手轮，

小编薇薇

【二】
Craftsman 6 Lathe Mk. 1 (Atlas 6-inch Clone)

Manufactured by the Atlas Corporation in Kalamazoo, Michigan, for Sears, Roebuck & Co., the Craftsman 6" x 18" (3.5" centre height) backgeared, screwcutting miniature lathe was styled to closely resemble its larger brothers, the 10-inch Atlas and (almost) matching 12-inch Craftsman. Both the models sold with Atlas branding (known simply as the "Model 618" with 18-inch between centres and the "Model 612" with 12 inches) and the Craftsman version proved enormously popular, a situation helped by the usual efficient American mass-production methods and the availability of an extensive accessory range. Despite the model's popularity it was not, like the South Bend 9-inch, a lathe copied by other makers and only one example of a clone has been found, the Swedish Hogbo.
The numbering system used by Sears was unnecessarily complicated - indeed, it was not until around the mid 1940s that the system used in the catalogs began to partially match the actual model numbers. "Type designations" stamped into the identification tabs on these Craftsman-branded models have included: 101.07301, 101.20140, 101.2048, 101.2048F, 101.2120, 101.2140 and 101.M1518 (for a special mica undercut version for electric repair-shop use) and the very early (and rather different) Type 101.07300 and 101.0730, etc) that employed an integral countershaft unit. Should you have the chance to email the writer a photograph of the badge on your Craftsman lathe (of any age or type) he would be very grateful.
The 6-inch was first listed as a "Craftsman" version in the Sears, Roebuck catalog for the 1938 season dated 1st September, 1937. The Model Number was given as 99-PM-2045 and, astonishingly, versions of this were to remain in production (later in a Mk. 2 form) until the early 1970s.
Unfortunately no data about Serial Numbers exists - it seems not to have been recorded (or saved) by either Atlas or Sears. In addition, while its possible to obtain an approximate date from the numbers engraved on the headstock bearings of the larger lathes, these are not present (so far as is known) on any of those fitted to the 6-inch machines until around 1958. As the highest known Atlas Serial number is 027421, does one assume that figure represents the total for both Atlas and Craftsman branded lathes, or just Atlas? For a country with the population of the United Stated, 30,000 or so Atlas versions would seem to be a reasonable figure, so it's entirely possible that a similar number of Craftsman versions were also sold.  
Despite its modest price - at first just $42.50 without motor or changewheels - this was a very well specified machine with, on the first of the original "round style" Mk. 1 versions, 8 speeds from 365 to a remarkably high 3225 r.p.m. This version of the lathe, listed for only one year and fitted with a 3/4" x 16 t.p.i. spindle nose and labelled as the 101.07300, was obviously built down to a price and lacked a backgear assembly - and so was virtually impossible to use for screwcutting. However, for the 1939 selling season this deficiency had been corrected (and the price increased) and a 6.5 : 1 ratio backgear fitted that improved the speed range to a remarkable 16 spanning a much more useful 54 to 3225 r.p.m. The spread of spindle speeds was obtained by the use of a 2-step pulley on the motor that drove a 4-step headstock pulley - the eight speeds so obtained being (in theory) doubled by the use of backgear - though its engagement at higher revolutions to generate above 300 r.p.m. would have been unwise. (If the motor pulley is missing on your example - it's a pressure die-casting, relatively fragile and so easily damaged - the larger diameter was 33/16" and the smaller 111/16" - and intended to run a Z-section belt 10 mm wide at the top.)
Continued below:


Craftsman 6-inch lathe in its original, 1937 form that was to continue in production (virtually unchanged) until the early 1970s
  

Continued:
Although most small contemporary lathes in both America and Europe were sold either without a countershaft, or required the owner to purchase a separate bench of wall mounted unit at considerable extra cost, on the first Atlas 6-inch this assembly was built in. Pivoting from two lugs on the back of the lathe bed, the countershaft had its belt tension provided by a long rod screwed into the casting that passed forwards through a hole cut in the face of the headstock. The system (crude, but effective), was arranged to work in exactly the same manner as that employed on some versions of the Craftsman 12-inch lathe where two rings were fastened to the tensioning rod with the outside face of one, and the gap between the two, forming location points that allowed the bar to be pushed back and pressed down into the hole to tension the belt then lifted and pulled forwards to release it. To give some degree of adjustment to the final tension setting, the other end of the bar, where it was threaded into the body of the countershaft, could be screwed in and out. Only early versions of the 6-inch were equipped with this system - are now rare; should any reader encounter this, or other novel versions of the lathe, the writer would be pleased to hear from you.
Included in the (first catalog) specification was a proper tumble-reverse mechanism to the changewheel drive; a 1/2" diameter 16 t.p.i. Acme-form leadscrew (able to generate pitches from 8 to 96 t.p.i. with the optional-extra changewheel set); a dial-thread indicator; guards over the headstock belt and all gears and a 360° swivel top slide. The 3/8" bore headstock spindle ran in plain bronze Oilite bearings and was fitted with a 3/4" x 16 t.p.i. nose with a No. 1 Morse taper and a ring of 60 hole holes in the front pulley flange for dividing. A year later the spindle had, sensibly, been beefed up to take a bore of 17/32" with a more sensible 1" x 8 t.p.i. nose (the 16 t.p.i. was far too fine for its application) and a No. 2 Morse socket. While the headstock front of both early types had a prominent frontal bulge, the same model badged by the makers under the Atlas brand was fitted with Timken taper rollers and had a much smoother, flatter front. Despite this move to "cheapen" the Craftsman version the same excellent speed range of was claimed for it as the "genuine article".
By 1939/40 the countershaft for the standard lathe had become a separate unit that bolted to the bench behind the headstock with a neatly-designed swing head to adjust the belt tension. A stand was offered in the form of cast-iron legs joined by a substantial timber top with sufficient room to mount the proper maker's countershaft and motor assembly.
Although the Atlas-specification roller-bearing headstock was a much more expensive proposition than the plain-bearing Craftsman version, during the 1940s and 1950s some Craftsmen 6-inch lathes were sold with what amounted to an Atlas headstock - a result, perhaps, of shortages of plain-bearing units or as an experiment in marketing - the clue being that the Atlas and Craftsman casting were slightly different. However, by 1959, the Craftsman was being listed with Timken roller bearings as standard - though one can imagine the pleasant surprise of earlier Craftsman customers as they unpacked their machines to discover a "roller-bearing Atlas" for the price of a "plain-bearing Craftsman". It seems certain that if a lathe is carrying the identification tag 101.214**  it will have a roller-bearing headstock. The bearings will be Timken - both outer races marked 07196 and the larger inner 07100 and the smaller 07079.
Many of the lathe's castings also carried standard Atlas "M6" numbers, including the designation M6-2 cast into the headstock of those models fitted with roller bearings. Other parts were marked: countershaft assembly M6-20B; bed L9-1; tailstock M6-5; cast cover at the rear of the cross-slide M6-37; headstock belt cover M6-22; changewheel cover hinge M6-85 and changewheel cover M6-28.
Although the two machines are very different, confusion has arisen in the past between the Atlas-built 6" Craftsman with another lathe sold be Sears, the "Craftsman 80" made by AA (the "Double A" Company). The AA was a very inexpensive, almost inadequate machine and cost, in the mid 1950s, as little as $48 compared to the $160 of the very much better Atlas/Craftsman.
Introduced in the early 1970s, with a distinctive "square" styling, the Mk 2 version of the Craftsman 6-inch was identical to its Atlas brother and dispensed with the speed-reducing countershaft - the 8-speed drive being taken directly from the motor by a tensioned V-belt to a multi-step pulley mounted outboard of the left-hand end of the headstock spindle; a picture of the Atlas version can be seen here..


The 1957  "Craftsman" badged version of the original Atlas 6"


Sears catalog for 1938 (dated September 1937) showing the first version of the 6-inch lathe
  

Typical name tag from a late-model craftsman 6-inch. This particular model had a roller-bearing headstock

From a circa 1946 to 1950 Craftsman 6-inch with plain headstock bearings
  
Plate on the original 1937/38 small-spindle Craftsman 6-inch
   
Craftsman 6-inch 101.07300 without a backgear assembly and with belt tension provided by a long rod screwed into the countershaft casting and clipped into a hole cut in the front face of the headstock.


Integral countershaft and motor mount of the early (1937/38) Model 101.07300 Craftsman 6-inch lathe. The long belt-tensioning rod can be seen emerging from the back of the headstock casting

A rare model: the backgear-less headstock of the 1937/38 Model 101.07300 Craftsman. .


The two-step countershaft pulley was used to give a range of 8 direct-drive speeds
  

The later countershaft with bench-mount motor
  

Backgeared Ata/Craftsman 6-inch lathe headstock with backgear and Timken taper roller main bearings   More on page 2


由位于密歇根州卡拉马祖的阿特拉斯公司制造，为西尔斯，罗巴克公司，工匠6“x 18”（3.5“中心高度）backgeared，螺丝切割的微型车床被称为非常类似于它的更大的兄弟，10英寸阿特拉斯（几乎）匹配12英寸的工匠，这两款机型都配有阿特拉斯品牌（简称为“618型”，中间是18英寸，“612型”是12英寸），而Craftsman版则非常受欢迎，这种情况有助于美国通常高效的大规模生产方法以及广泛的配件范围，尽管这种模式很受欢迎，但它并不像南方的9英寸机床那样被其他制造商复制的机床，而只是一个克隆的例子已被发现，瑞典Hogbo。
西尔斯使用的编号系统是不必要的复杂 - 事实上，直到20世纪40年代中期左右，目录中使用的系统开始部分地匹配实际的型号。在这些Craftsman品牌型号上标识的“型号名称”包括：101.07301,101.20140,101.2048,101.2048F，101.2120,101.2140和101.M1518（用于电气维修店使用的特殊云母底切版本）和非常早（类型101.07300和101.0730等），采用一体式中间轴单元。如果您有机会通过电子邮件向作者发送您的工匠车床（任何年龄或类型）的徽章照片，他将非常感激。
在1937年9月1日的1938年赛季的西尔斯罗巴克产品目录中，6英寸首次被列为“工匠”版本。型号编号为99-PM-2045，令人惊讶的是，这个版本保留在生产（后来以MK2形式）直到70年代初。
不幸的是没有关于序列号的数据存在 - 似乎没有被Atlas或Sears记录（或保存）。此外，尽管可以从大型车床的头架轴承上刻出的数字中获得大致的日期，但是直到1958年左右，对于安装在6英寸机器上的任何装置都不存在（据了解）。由于已知最高的地图集编号是027421，是否有人认为这个数字代表了Atlas和Craftsman品牌车床的总数，还是阿特拉斯？对于一个有美国人口的国家来说，3万左右的阿特拉斯版本似乎是一个合理的数字，所以也完全可能出售类似数量的工匠版本。
尽管价格适中 - 起初只需42.50美元，而没有电机或转轮，但是这是一款非常精良的机器，原本是“圆形”Mk的第一款。 1个版本，从365到825转速达到3225转/分。这种版本的车床只有一年的时间，配有一个3/4“×16 tpi的主轴头，标记为101.07300，显然是价格昂贵，缺少一个背板装置，所以几乎不可能使用但是在1939年的销售旺季，这个缺陷已经得到纠正（价格上涨了），6.5：1的比例使得速度范围得到了改善，达到了非常有用的54到3225转/分钟。主轴转速通过在电机上使用两级皮带轮驱动一个4级的头架皮带轮获得 - 这样获得的八个转速（理论上）是通过使用后置装置加倍的 - 尽管它在更高的转数下接合以产生（如果你的例子中缺少电机皮带轮 - 这是一个压铸件，比较脆弱，很容易损坏 - 较大的直径为33/16英寸，较小的为111/16英寸）打算运行一个Z段顶部10毫米宽。）
续下：



工匠6英寸车床原来是1937年的形式，直到70年代初才能继续生产（几乎不变）
  

  

继续：
尽管美国和欧洲的大多数小型现代车床都是在没有副轴的情况下销售的，或者要求车主购买单独的壁挂式单元长椅，但需要额外的费用，在第一台阿特拉斯6英寸的车身上建造起来。在车床后部有两个凸耳，副轴通过旋入铸件的长杆提供了皮带张力，该长杆通过主轴箱表面上的孔切入。该系统（原始的，但有效的），被安排工作的方式完全相同的一些版本的工匠12英寸车床上，其中两个环固定在张紧杆与外面的一个，缝隙在两者之间，形成允许杆被推回并压入孔中的位置点，以张紧皮带，然后提起并向前拉动以释放它。为了对最终的张力设置进行一定程度的调整，将杆的另一端拧入到体内

小编薇薇

【三】
Craftsman wood lathe conversion kit to metal
It was in 1935 that the first Craftsman wood-turning lathe became available fitted with a comprehensive metal-turning kit. With many similarities to the following year's metal-turning lathe (made by Atlas) this was a very different machine when compared with the cheaper lathes in the range.  The assembly of parts was very comprehensive and included a leadscrew, changewheels, tumble reverse assembly, a proper carriage, compound slide rest and a complete backgear assembly that, in conjunction with the 8-speed countershaft, gave the lathe 16 very useful speeds  from a low of 28 to a high of 2540 rpm. The only drawback was that by the time the complete kit was fitted, and the lathe upgraded, the price exceeded that of the contemporary metal-turning lathe by more than 50%..



1935 12-inch wood-turning lathe fitted with the complete metal-lathe conversion kit.
  


Wood-turning lathe headstock equipped with backgear to provide low speeds for large-diameter metal turning and screwcutting.
  

The rest of the screwcutting conversion - twin-arm banjo to carry the changewheels, tumble-reverse mechanism and the left-hand leadscrew hanger bracket and leadscrew itself.


Part of the Screwcutting Attachment - the changewheels, guard and electrical switch.


The full carriage for the conversion to a metal lathe.
A choice of two slide rests was offered - a simple cross slide and combined tool post, or a compound slide rest - illustrated below.
   

The two tool slides which fitted the full carriage model.
Top: the compound slide with swivelling top slide.
Below: the simple cross slide with integral tool post.


Self-contained countershaft  unit and motor bracket


Fixed steady (with, surprisingly, screw-feed adjustable fingers) and the thread-dial  



1935年，第一台工匠木工车床变得可用，配备了一个全面的金属车削套件。与第二年的金属车床（由阿特拉斯制造）有许多相似之处，这是一个非常不同的机器相比，在范围内的便宜的车床。零件的组装非常全面，包括一个导螺杆，换向轮，翻转反向组件，一个合适的滑架，复合滑动架和一个完整的背部组件，与8速副轴配合使车床16具有非常有用的速度， 28的低点到2540转的高点。唯一的缺点是，在安装完整套件和车床升级之后，价格超过了现代金属车削机床的50％以上。


1935年12英寸的木工车床配有完整的金属车床转换套件。
  


配有背架的木车床头架，为大直径金属车削和螺纹切削提供低速。


其余的螺丝切换 - 双臂班卓琴携带转轮，翻转反转机构和左侧丝杠吊架和丝杠本身。

螺丝切割附件的一部分 - 转轮，防护罩和电气开关。
  

完整的运输转换为金属车床。
提供了两个滑座的选择 - 一个简单的十字滑座和组合滑座，或一个复合滑座 - 如下图所示。



两个工具滑轨，安装完整的车厢模型。
顶部：可旋转顶部滑梯的复合滑梯。
下图：带有整体式刀架的简单十字滑块。


独立的副轴单元和电机支架


固定稳定（令人惊讶的是，螺丝进给可调的手指）和螺纹拨号

小编薇薇

【四】
SEARS Model 549-2892 8-inch Lathe (Re-badged Emco Compact 8)

On its introduction, in the late 1970s, the belt-drive 105 mm x 450 mm (4" x 16") Austrian-built Emco Compact 8 caused quite a stir. Here was a neat, compact, modern-looking machine with angular lines, chrome-plated controls and a bright yellow paint finish in a shade even more startling than the contemporary General Motors Pulsating Primrose. Built to a strict standard of accuracy - DIN8606 - the lathe featured a self-contained motor-drive system with a built-in reversing switch and proved an immediate hit in Europe and America.
Unfortunately, all was not as rosy as it first seemed for the lathe lacked a tumble-reverse mechanism - so making repeated boring operations and left-hand screwcutting difficult - only 6 changewheels were provided (though these were sufficient to provide a fine feed to the carriage) and there was no proper backgear, just a speed reduction through a toothed belt to a second pulley assembly. The omission of backgear was a considerable drawback for, with a bottom speed of 100 r.p.m., both screwcutting and the turning of large diameters was made more difficult for beginners. Some higher-speed versions were also manufactured and fitted with a pulley set that gave a bottom speed 200 r.p.m. together with a top of over 3000 r.p.m. While ideal for smaller work these models, which are very rare, are best avoided for model-engineering purposes. Using a 0.5 h.p. 1375 r.p.m. 1-phase motor the normal speed range was: 100, 250, 350, 500, 850 and 1700 r.p.m. with the drive going either directly from motor to spindle through a narrow Gates V-belt, or via a toothed belt to the (safety-clutch protected) speed-reduction pulley. Overloading the clutch by taking too deep a cut resulted in a slipping drive and a warning rattle. Because the Gates belt is tensioned by a spring-loaded jockey pulley, conveniently operated by a large lever protruding from the top of the headstock, there is a temptation to use this mechanism as a clutch. As the belt is already under considerable strain, such use (besides being dangerous) will wear it out very quickly indeed.
With its ground-finished V-ways the bed lacked a gap but was well braced and, judging by the lack of wear seen on numerous used examples, made from a hard grade of cast iron. The saddle ran on V-ways at front and back and the tailstock on its own V-way and flat. The carriage assembly was typically Emco in design with a relatively short saddle carrying a cross slide with two transverse T slots to mount a 360-degree swivelling top slide with a standard-fit single toolholder. The T-slot arrangement made it easy to adjust the position of the cutting tool, but denied the operator the chance to use the cross slide as a proper boring table, or to mount other than the very expensive Emco plain vertical milling slide (Part No. 700-120) - an item priced at just a little short of three times that asked for a Myford equivalent. Some users are of the opinion that the handwheels and zeroing micrometer dials for the compound slide were too small, although the cross slide (and the full-circle safety handwheel of the carriage traverse) were equipped with easy-to-use rotating handles.
With the complete set of changewheels to hand (20, 35, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70 and 75) metric pitches from 0.4 to 3.0 mm, inch from 10 to 44 t.p.i. and Module from 0.2 to 0.7 could be generated with carriage feed rates varying from 0.09 to 0.18 mm per revolution of the spindle. The changewheels were carried on a simple, single-slot bracket and the leadscrew, protected by a shear pin through its headstock end changewheel, ran through clasp nuts cast in ZAMAK. As an economy measure, instead of the proper Acme thread usually found on leadscrews, that on the Compact 8 employed an ordinary 60-degree metric type.
Cast as a very stiff closed box, the bolt-on headstock carried a 20 mm bore spindle running in two adjustable taper roller races with a drive pulley overhung on its left-hand end. The spindle nose was a safe but inconvenient "Emco special", similar to DIN 55021, with three holes on an integral flange and a short taper to locate fittings. Chucks and other fittings had to be unbolted, a slow and awkward process and, as a plain backplate was never amongst the accessories listed, owners were tied to using original and expensive Emco parts.
Fitted with a No. 2 Morse taper barrel with a proper compression lock and a micrometer dial on the handwheel, the tailstock could be set over for taper turning. However, it was secured to the bed by a nut and bolt that required the services of that famous self-hiding spanner.
Originally a relatively expensive lathe in comparison with its competitors the Compact 8 was widely copied by various Taiwanese companies and marketed with the generic number "918" or, with some modifications, as the "920" - some versions even appearing with a basic screwcutting gearbox.  In 1983 the basic compact 8 sold for £967 in the UK complete with motor, electrical equipment and a set of changewheels. By way of comparison an identically equipped 14-speed gap-bed and backgeared Myford ML7R retailed for £983. The ML7 R was, in effect a Super 7 (but with an ML7 cross and top slide unit and without a clutch) and weighed, at 110 kg complete with motor, almost exactly twice as much as the 58 kg Emco. During the 1970s and 1980s the  original The Compact 8 was also marketed in the United States by Sears as part of their Craftsman range using the Model designation 549-2892 or, equipped with the vertical milling head from the Compact 5, as the 549-289000. However, it's worth noting that the latter code was also used for the very rare Craftsman-branded Emco Compact 5, a machine that now fails to appear in the list of other Emco machines sold by Sears (Maximat V10P, Compact 10, mentor 10 and  Maximat V13) The Compact 8 was also widely copied in the Far East with some versions being identical and others modified in a variety of ways - even to the extent of fitting a screwcutting gearbox with a limited range of pitches. One example discovered was branded as the "Expertech" Model TSF-SF-450-AH and marked as made in Austria. One problem often encountered on these "foreign" examples machines is a short life for the narrow, 5 mm drive belt. The belt is tensioned by a lever-operated jockey pulley and, if this mechanism is not as well constructed as the original, will flex so causing the belt to run out of line and fail abruptly.
Accessories included the usual 3 and 4-jaw chucks, fixed and travelling steadies, an extra 8 changewheels for screwcutting, a toolpost grinder, metal stand with chip tray and lockable tool cabinet, 4-way toolpost, quick-change toolpost, coolant equipment, a vertical milling slide and machine vice, thread-dial indicator, a nosepiece collet holder for ESX-25 collets, Polyvinyl cover, tailstock chuck and rotating centre - and a variety of turning tools. Later models were offered with the powered vertical milling and drilling attachment from the Compact 5 lathe. The Compact 8 remained available for many years after production ceased in Austria, these being branded as the "Compact 8E" - the E suffix standing for "East", indicating Chinese manufacture..  Compact 8 Photo Essay
  

Emco Compact 8 on the correct maker's stand and fitted with a  motorised vertical milling attachment - also used on the Compact 5. The milling unit is shown with the optional fine-feed attachment (the "aluminium box" on the right-hand side of the head)

  

The Emco Compact 8 was widely copied in the Far East. Some versions were identical, other modified in a variety of ways - even to the extent of fitting a screwcutting gearbox with a limited range of pitches.
One problem often encountered on these machines is a short life for the narrow, 5 mm drive belt. The belt is tensioned by a lever-operated jockey pulley and, if this mechanism is not as well constructed as the original, will flex so causing the belt to run out of line and fail abruptly.

   
  
在上世纪七十年代后期，奥地利制造的105mm×450mm（4“×16”）奥可达Compact 8的皮带传动引起了相当的轰动。这是一个整洁，紧凑，现代外观的机器，角线，镀铬控制器和明亮的黄色油漆，比当代通用脉动报春花更令人吃惊。精密的DIN8606标准 - 车床采用独立电机驱动系统，带有内置的倒车开关，在欧美地区立即受到重视。
不幸的是，所有这一切都不像机床首先看起来没有倒转机构 - 因此使得重复的钻孔操作和左旋螺纹切割困难 - 仅提供了6个换向轮（尽管这些换向轮足以提供给马车），并没有适当的backgear，只是通过齿形皮带减速到第二滑轮组件。遗漏背架是一个相当大的缺点，在100转/分钟的最低速度下，对于初学者而言，螺旋切削和大直径的转动都变得更加困难。还制造了一些更高速度的版本，并安装了一个滑轮组，该滑轮组的最低速度为每分钟200转。再加上超过3000转的最高价。对于较小型的工作来说，这是非常理想的，但这些非常少见的模型最好避免用于模型工程目的。使用0.5 h.p. 1375 r.p.m. 1相电动机的正常速度范围为：100,250,350,500,850和1700r.p.m.变频器直接从电机通过狭窄的盖茨三角皮带或通过齿形皮带到达（安全离合器保护）减速皮带轮。通过过度切割超载离合器导致滑动驱动器和警告拨浪鼓。由于盖茨皮带通过一个弹簧加载的滚轮滑轮张紧，通过一个从主轴箱顶部突出的大杠杆方便地操作，使用这种机构作为离合器是一种诱惑。由于皮带已经承受了相当大的压力，这种使用（除了危险之外）的确会很快磨损。
由于V型路面的磨削加工，床身没有间隙，但是由于硬质等级的铸铁制成的许多使用例子中缺少磨损，所以它被支撑得很好。鞍座在前后V型路面上行驶，尾座在V型路面上平坦地行驶。托架组件通常是Emco设计的，具有相对较短的鞍座，该鞍座承载具有两个横向T形槽的十字滑块，以便用标准配合的单个刀架安装360度旋转的顶滑块。 T形槽的安排使得调整刀具位置变得很容易，但是否认操作者有机会将十字滑块作为适当的镗床，或者安装非昂贵的Emco普通立式铣削滑块（Part No 。700-120） - 一件物品的价格只是要求一个Myford等价物的三倍。有些用户认为复合滑轨的手轮和调零千分表太小，尽管十字滑块（和滑座横杆的全圆安全手轮）配备了易于使用的旋转手柄。
整套手轮（20，35，40，50，55，60，65，70和75）的公制节距从0.4到3.0毫米，英寸从10到44 t.p.i.并且可以产生从0.2到0.7的模块，在每转主轴的托架进给速率从0.09到0.18mm变化。转轮装在一个简单的单槽支架上，丝杠通过主轴端转轮的剪切销保护，穿过铸在ZAMAK上的卡环螺母。作为一种经济措施，Compact 8采用普通的60度度量类型，而不是通常在导螺杆上找到的正确的Acme螺纹。
作为一个非常坚硬的密封箱铸造，螺栓连接的头架承载一个20毫米孔径的主轴在两个可调整的锥形滚子赛道上运行，并在其左手端悬挂着一个驱动滑轮。主轴头是一个安全但不方便的“Emco特殊”，类似于DIN 55021，在一个整体法兰上有三个孔和一个短锥形来定位配件。卡盘和其他配件必须拆卸，缓慢和尴尬的过程，作为一个简单的背板，从来没有列入配件列表中，业主被绑在使用原始昂贵的埃姆科零件。
在手轮上安装一个带有适当压缩锁定和千分表的2号莫氏锥度桶，尾座可以放置锥形车削。然而，它被一个螺母和螺栓固定在床上，需要这种着名的自遮板扳手的服务。
紧凑型车8最初是与其竞争对手相比价格相对较高的车床，被各个台湾公司广泛复制，并以通用号码“918”销售，或作了一些修改，如“920” - 有些版本甚至出现了基本的螺旋齿轮箱。在1983年，基本紧凑型8在英国以967英镑的价格销售，配备了电动机，电气设备和电动机

小编薇薇

【五】
Sherman Clark Mfg. Co. of Jackson Michigan - Armature Lathe



In order to provide a simple and inexpensive longitudinal feed to the carriage, some AA "Craftsman 109" lathes have been found fitted not with changewheels but a double-reduction belt drive system - the mechanism powered by either a pulley on the end of the headstock spindle or a jackshaft (countershaft) assembly. The assembly used a small boss cast on the back of the bed (not all 109s were so fitted, however) into which fitted a shaft carrying a double-step pulley that transmitted its drive to a similar pulley on the end of the leadscrew. Some aspects of the conversion, especially the leadscrew clasp-nut arrangement,  have an amateur appearance and no mention of the machine can be found in any Pre WW2 Craftsman catalogue. However, during 1940 and 1941 the lathe was advertised in motor-trade and other publications as the $27.50 New Model No. 40 Armature Lathe - with several examples coming to light in recent years carrying the remains of an oval badge proclaiming: Sherman Clark Mfg. Co. of Jackson Michigan (USA) or, alternatively, Zoerman-Clark Mfg. With the town of Jackson only 35 miles south of Lansing  (home of the AA Company), there would have been a tie up between the organisations with Sherman Clark realising that a power-feed attachment would make the lathe so much more useful and commissioning a batch from the AA company for subsequent modification and sale under their own label. The basic specification was a 26-inch long bed, a capacity between centres of 18 inches a 6-inch swing and a 360° swivel top slide. As shown in the advertisements, there was a bolt-on quick-action lever feed to the carriage positioned at the tailstock end of the bed, the connection to the carriage being by a piece of twisted flat steel plate. Also supplied were the necessary attachments to mount an armature, an adjustable 3-bolt drive "carrier" to fit the headstock spindle and some sort of rotating centre for the tailstock.
The maker's badge was applied to rather roughly-finished castings and, whilst not absolutely distinct, appears to have been laid out with the maker's name across the top on a red background, "Garage Equipment and Tools" along the bottom and, on a yellow background: "The Right Tool For The Job" across the middle with the words Jackson above and Michigan below.
So far, two distinct types have been discovered, a Mk. 1 and a Mk. 2 - the former easily recognised by its bed - with a V-way at the front and a flat at the back - together with an open headstock that lacked any form of belt guard and a crude tailstock with a spindle that just screwed into the casting and a direct-acting bolt as a lock. The Mk. 2 had, like most AA-built metal lathes, a twin-V-way bed and a headstock with its casting raised at the front to provide a simple belt cover. In other respects the lathes were very similar - though the Mk. 1 lacked the boss on the back of the bed to carry the double-step pulley - with each having the same type of carriage with a compounded slide rest and an identical attachment to the leadscrew. So far no literature has been discovered featuring the Mk. 1 and should any reader discover  an advertisement showing the machine, the writer would be interested to know..


Simple open headstock of the Mk. 1 AA109 Sherman Clark & Zoerman-Clark lathe
  

V and flat-way bed of the Mk. 1 AA109 Sherman Clark & Zoerman-Clark lathe
  


Typical AA carriage assembly with a compounded slide rest and the same design of attachment to the leadscrew as used on the Mk. 2


Crude tailstock of the Mk. 1 AA109 Sherman Clark & Zoerman-Clark lathe


Later model Zoerman-Clark (Sherman Clark) New Model 40 Armature Lathe. This crude picture was used in 1940 and 1941 advertisements. An examination of the sketch reveals that the lathe was supplied with a 3-bolt drive "carrier" to fit the headstock spindle and some sort of rotating centre for the tailstock.

A well-preserved and original Mk. 2 Zoerman-Clark (Sherman Clark) complete with the headstock  carrier and carriage lever-feed assembly

The 4-bolt carrier can be seen tied to the headstock spindle


Carriage lever-feed assembly

Rear mounting boss used to carry the lower pair of pulleys. For the cutting forces involved round belts are entirely adequate

Although the engineering of the leadscrew clasp nut had all the hallmarks of an amateur modification it was a production item

The simple block and cam-operated, spring-loaded plunger that made up the clasp nut assembly


The complete drive system in place on an AA-manufactured (but Sherman-Clark modified) 109

   
为了向滑架提供简单和廉价的纵向进给，一些AA“Craftsman 109”车床被发现不是带有转向轮，而是一个双减速带传动系统 - 该机构由主轴箱端部上的滑轮主轴或传动轴（副轴）组件。这个组件使用了一个铸在床背上的小凸台（然而，并不是所有的109都是这样安装的）装有一个带有双级皮带轮的轴，该皮带轮将其驱动器传递到丝杠端部的类似的皮带轮上。转换的某些方面，特别是丝杠螺母，具有业余的外观，在WW2工匠的任何目录中都没有提及这种机器。然而，在1940年和1941年，车床在汽车贸易和其他出版物上被刊登为27.50美元的新型号40号电枢车床 - 近年来有几个例子揭露了一个椭圆形徽章的遗体，宣称：谢尔曼·克拉克制造公司。杰克逊密歇根公司（美国）或者佐尔曼 - 克拉克制造公司（Zoerman-Clark Mfg）。杰克逊镇在兰辛（AA公司的所在地）以南仅35英里处，与谢尔曼·克拉克（Sherman Clark）一个供电附件可以使车床更加有用，并且可以从AA公司调试一批，然后用自己的标签进行修改和销售。基本规格是一个26英寸长的床，18英寸，6英寸的秋千和360°旋转顶部滑动中心之间的容量。如广告所示，在位于尾座尾部的滑架上安装了一个螺栓固定的快速操作杆，与滑架的连接是由一块扭曲的扁平钢板连接的。还提供了必要的附件来安装一个电枢，一个可调整的3螺栓驱动“载体”，以适应头架主轴和某种尾座的旋转中心。
制造商的徽章被应用于相当粗糙的铸件上，虽然不是十分明显，但似乎已经在红色背景上的制造商的名字上，“底部的车库设备和工具”，以黄色背景：“工作的正确工具”在中间，杰克逊以上和密歇根州下面。
到目前为止，已经发现了两种不同的类型，一种是Mk。 1和Mk。 2 - 前者容易识别的床 - 在前面的V型和后面的平面 - 一个敞开的主轴箱，缺乏任何形式的皮带防护和一个粗略的尾座，只需拧入铸件的主轴和一个直接作用的锁闩。 Mk。 2与大多数AA制金属车床一样，有一个双V型床和一个头架，在前面抬起铸件，以提供一个简单的皮带罩。在其他方面车床是非常相似的 - 虽然Mk。 1缺少床背上的老板以便携带双级滑轮 - 每个滑座都有相同类型的滑座，滑座和复合滑座与导螺杆相同。到目前为止，还没有文献发现Mk。 1，如果任何读者发现显示机器的广告，作者将有兴趣知道..

  

Mk简单开放的主轴箱。 1 AA109 Sherman Clark＆Zoerman-Clark车床
  

V和Mk的平坦的床。 1 AA109 Sherman Clark＆Zoerman-Clark车床

典型的AA托架组件与一个复合的滑座和与Mk上使用的丝杠相同的连接设计。 2

Mk的粗制尾座。 1 AA109 Sherman Clark＆Zoerman-Clark车床


后来的模型佐尔曼 - 克拉克（谢尔曼克拉克）新型40电枢车床。这幅粗糙的图片被用于1940年和1941年的广告。对草图的检查显示，车床上装有一个3螺栓驱动的“托架”，以适应头架主轴和尾座的某种旋转中心。

一个保存完好和原始的Mk。 2 Zoerman-Clark（谢尔曼·克拉克（Sherman Clark））配有头架和车架杠杆进给组件



可以看到4-螺栓托架绑在头架主轴上
  


马车杆进给组件
  

后部安装凸台用于承载下部一对滑轮。涉及圆形皮带的切割力量是完全足够的
  

虽然丝扣螺母的工程具有业余修改的所有特征，但它是一个生产项目
  


简单的块和凸轮操作，弹簧加载柱塞，组成的扣环螺母组装
  


完整的驱动系统在AA生产（但谢尔曼 - 克拉克改装）109  
  
  

小编薇薇

【六】
Courlan badged version of the AA 109
AA 109的Courlan标签版本

小编薇薇

【七】

Craftsman 6 Lathe Mk. 2 (Atlas 6-inch Clone)
  
By 1974, after 37 years of production, the Mk. 1 6" Craftsman (made by Atlas) was withdrawn from sale and an almost entirely new model introduced to replace it. Two versions were available: one Imperial (English) and the other metric, the latter able to cut only metric threads - of which 23 were available from 0.1 mm to 3.0 mm. The leadscrew, cross feed and top slide screws were also of metric pitch and the feed dials, tailstock barrel, threading chart were all in metric calibrations - in other words, a complete metric machine rather than just a simple screwcutting conversion.  The version with English calibrations offered threads between 8 and 96 t.p.i (or optionally, at extra cost, from 5 t.p.i) using, in addition to ordinary changewheels, a novel and ingenious system of "Gearsettes" - combinations of changewheels (sold in 6 different sets) marked with a circular metal disc that indicated the thread and feed range - together with an indication of which other gearwheels would mesh with them to provide the correct set up. As a comparison the Myford ML7 will only cut down to 8 t.p.i with the changewheel cover closed - if coarser threads are required the cover has to be left off and gears larger than 75t used on the exposed bracket.
A major change involved removing the countershaft assembly and fitting the headstock drive pulley in an overhung position on the left-hand end of the 17/32" bore, 1" x 10 t.p.i,  headstock spindle; unfortunately this modern method of engineering a headstock drive (it used a narrow Gates-type belt) had the effect of reducing the number of spindle speeds from 16 to 8 but with a still-respectable range of 55 to 2300 rpm with the maker's recommended 1/3 hp 1725 rpm 60 cycle motor. The Emco Compact 8, Myford 254 and various modern Chinese lathes also use a similar drive system - but were not the first small lathe makers to employ this cost-saving set up, the EXE Company of Exeter, England, used exactly the same idea on their machines in the 1930s, as did several makers of cheaper, less highly stressed wood-turning lathes.
3/4" in diameter, the tailstock spindle had a travel of just 1.25 inches and was bored to take a No. 1 Morse taper - these were less-than adequate figures but (together with the very short cross slide), the only real failures in otherwise well-specified machine. In 1974 the lathe was painted grey but at some unknown point, before production ceased in 1980, this was changed to blue.
Whilst early Atlas-badged  models appear to have been fitted with Japanese-manufactured NTN ball bearings on the headstock spindle (later models used Timken tapered-roller bearings) the early Craftsman spares list shows plain bronze bearings in use. However, later editions have ball races listed - presumably of the same make and type as the Atlas version. Should any reader have a plain-bearing example of this lathe, the writer would be interested to hear from you.
Approximately 34" long, 17" deep and 11 inches high the Mk. 2 Craftsman 6-inch weighted around 92 lbs without its (extra-cost) electric motor.
If you have one of these machines (especially one with plain bearings) the writer would be very interested to hear from you. Model numbers and specification suffixes (using the unnecessarily complicated Sears system) were based on the prefix 101.21**, for example 101.21200, and would have varied according to the specific model and type of motor fitted, etc. Additional pictures and information about these lathes can be seen in the Atlas section of the Archive..

  
Mk. 2 Atlas/Craftsman 6-inch lathe Model: 101.21200

The "Mk. 2 Atlas" as shown in the 1973/4 Craftsman catalog

Outboard drive system as fitted to the late model Craftsman/Atlas 6" lathe.
Before the backgear assembly can be brought into operation the 4-step pulley must be released from the shaft by pulling out the small ring on its end.  See the detailed diagram at the bottom of the page.

Three of the Gearsettes for screwcutting.
   
Engaging backgear on the Craftsman/Atlas 6" lathe. At first sight there is no obvious way of releasing the large pulley from its embrace with the spindle. The secret is the "external locking ring" on the end of the pulley; this is simply pulled outwards to uncouple it from the shaft and then the backgear lever operated as usual to mesh the gears.
Diagram by Michael Martin
   
工匠6车床Mk。 2（阿特拉斯6英寸克隆）

  


到1974年，经过37年的生产， 1 6“工匠（阿特拉斯制造）退出销售，并​​推出了一个几乎全新的模型来取代它。有两个版本可供选择：一个英制（英制）和另一个尺寸，后者只能切割公制螺纹 - 其中23可供选择，从0.1毫米到3.0毫米，导螺杆，横向进给和顶部滑动螺杆也是公制螺距，进给量，尾座套筒，螺纹图都是公制校准 - 换句话说，只是一个简单的螺旋切割转换，带有英制校准的版本提供了8到96tpi的线程（或者额外的成本，从5tpi开始），​​除了普通的转轮以外，还有一个新颖而巧妙的“Gearsettes”系统 - 带6个不同套件的变速轮（标有圆形金属圆盘，表示螺纹和进给量范围），以及显示哪些齿轮与其啮合以提供正确的设置。在转轮盖关闭的情况下，Myford ML7只会减少到8 t.p.i - 如果需要较粗的螺纹，则必须将盖关闭，并且在暴露的支架上使用大于75t的齿轮。
主要的改变包括拆下副轴总成，并将头架主动轮安装在17/32“孔，1”×10 t.p.i头架主轴左端的悬臂位置;不幸的是，这种现代化的工程头部驱动方法（使用狭窄的盖茨型皮带）具有将主轴转速从16转换到8的效果，但是仍然可以在55到2300转/分钟的范围内使用制造商推荐的1 / 3 hp 1725 rpm 60循环电机。 Emco Compact 8，Myford 254以及各种现代中国车床也使用类似的驱动系统 - 但不是第一个使用这种节省成本的小型车床制造商，英格兰埃克塞特EXE公司使用的是同样的想法他们的机器在20世纪30年代，一些更便宜，低压力木车床的制造商。
直径3/4“，尾座主轴只有1.25英寸的行程，并且无聊地采取了1号莫尔斯锥度 - 这些是不足够的数字，但（与非常短的十字滑块一起），唯一的真实1974年，车床被涂成灰色，但在一些未知的地方，在1980年停产之前，车床变成了蓝色。
早期的阿特拉斯标记的模型似乎已经在主轴箱轴上安装了日本制造的NTN滚珠轴承（后来的型号使用了Timken锥形滚子轴承），早期的工匠备件清单显示了使用的纯铜轴承。然而，后来的版本也列出了球赛 - 大概与Atlas版本的制作和类型相同。如果读者有一个这个车床的简单例子，作者会有兴趣听到你的消息。
大约34英寸长，17英寸深，11英寸高的Mk。 2工匠6英寸重92磅左右，没有（额外费用）电动机。
如果你有这些机器之一（尤其是一个带有滑动轴承的机器），作者会非常感兴趣的收到你的来信。型号和规格后缀（使用不必要的复杂Sears系统）基于前缀101.21 **，例如101.21200，根据具体型号和安装的电机类型等不同而有所不同。有关这些车床的其他图片和信息可以在档案的Atlas部分看到..


MK。 2 Atlas / Craftsman 6寸车床型号：101.21200


如1973/4工匠目录中所示的“Mk.2 Atlas”
  


适用于后期型号的工匠/阿特拉斯6“车床的舷外驱动系统。
在背部装置投入使用之前，必须通过拉出其一端的小环从轴上释放四步皮带轮。请参阅页面底部的详细图表。



三个螺丝切割的Gearsettes。



在“工匠/阿特拉斯6”车床上装上背盖乍一看，没有什么明显的方法可以将大的皮带轮从主轴上松开，秘密就是皮带轮端部的“外部锁定环”向外拉动以将其从轴上拆下，然后像通常那样操作后挡板以啮合齿轮。
迈克尔·马丁的图  
  

小编薇薇

【八】

Late-model 12-inch Lathes (post 1957) Atlas 12-inch Clones

Identical to the new-for-1957 12-inch Atlas, the final form of the Craftsman 12-inch was a considerably modified and improved model. Abandoning the long-lived, bed-mounted carriage feed reverse box as always used on the 10-inch, both models now used a conventional tumble-reverse assembly as employed on the previous version of the Craftsman lathe. Besides numerous other detailed changes, the greatest single advance was the option (in addition to models for bench mounting) of a neat self-contained underdrive cabinet stand that made the machine much more acceptable to training and education establishments - as well as saving the home user valuable workshop space. In this aspect Atlas were decades behind South Bend and Sheldon who had both produced such types since the 1940s.
Depending upon their individual specification - various combinations of bed length, motor type, screwcutting by changewheels or screwcutting gearbox, etc. - the lathes are found with the following (and probably additional) Model Numbers: 101.28950, 101.28910 or a similar 101.289** number including: 101.2758, 101.2759, 101.2895N, 101.2893N, 101.2894N, 101.2897N, 101.28990, 101.28991N and 101.28993N2.
In the 1970s the lathe carried a "Craftsman Commercial" badge, though by the early 1980s this had been changed to "Sears Craftsman".
Continued below:


Post 1958 Craftsman 12-inch as sold with Atlas badges
  
  
Continued:
As the last 12-inch Atlas was assembled on the 6th of March, 1981 it brought to an end a production run of lathes that can be traced back to the original 9-inch Atlas model of almost 50 years before. Marketed from the start of production simultaneously as the Sears Craftsman Metalcraft, it was to be developed steadily through numerous changes until a final, much-improved version was introduced in 1957 and designated in publicity material as both the "Late-model 12-inch Atlas" and the "Series 3000". In addition to a completely new underdrive stand, the revised range included four traditional versions for bench mounting, the Models 3980, 3981, 3982 and 3983. The lathe was also sold through Sears badged as the "Craftsman" and  "Craftsman Commercial" - the Sears 1 958 spring edition of their "Big Book" showing bench versions of the machine (by the early 1980s the headings and descriptions in sales catalogs had been changed to "Sears Craftsman".)
Although the flat-topped "English-style" bed (with 0.5-inch thick ways) still flew in the face of American preference for inverted V-ways, the rest of the machine was heavily revised with numerous detail improvements and few parts were interchangeable with the earlier model. It was available in two versions, for either bench or stand mounting, the former having a bronze-bearing countershaft (of rather agricultural construction) and an integral hinged (cast-iron) motor mount that bolted to the bench behind the lathe (with a bracing arrangement to the back of the headstock). A lever-operated mechanism simultaneously slackened both headstock and motor belts. The stand-mounted lathe sat atop a neatly-constructed, 190 lb cabinet (made from 3/16" thick steel with a chip tray as standard) that held a simple but robust under-drive countershaft with its pulleys overhung on 3/4"-diameter shafts from each side of bearings contained within central plumber blocks. Both models had an almost ideally-useful range of 16 spindle speeds that ran, in backgear, from 28 through 45, 70, 83, 112, 134, 211 to 345 rpm and, in direct drive, from 164 through 266, 418, 500, 685, 805, 1270 to 2072 rpm. Neat cast-aluminium covers guarded both the headstock and motor belt runs and the changewheels.
Thanks to Robert Downs in the United States, a single example of a hitherto unknown version of the late-model Atlas has come to light, a Model 12700 with the serial number 106462 - a lathe in all respects identical to the 3995/3996 - though if a Craftsman-badged version was offered is not known. With 3995/3996 Models having serial numbers beginning at 100,000 (and the last so far traced being No. 106781) a production date of around 1979 seems likely. While the lathe was identical in specification to the Model 3996, the stand was different with a larger portion of that under the headstock being wider and the underdrive system fully enclosed behind a single (probably locking door). Unlike the headstock-end plinth used on the more common Commercial model, which are somewhat narrower at the top than at the bottom, that on the 12700 has all its corners "square",  i.e. the same front-to-back dimension at the top as at the bottom. The side walls of the oil pan also appear to be vertical, instead of sloping - and a guess might be that it was a model made for use in schools and training establishments as the locking door would have prevented injury to inquisitive fingers.
Fitting the complete speed-change countershaft inside the cabinet stand brought an additional advantage, final drive by two side-by-side V-belts. Experienced users of the bench model, with its 4-step headstock pulley that has just one belt for each speed, report that, under heavy loads the belt can slip. Not so on the underdrive models, the two belts allowing the lathe to be used to the limits of its strength. However, there is a drawback, the two-belt arrangement can often lead to trouble when worn or unmatched belts are used. If your 12-inch underdrive suffers from a noisy headstock, vibration or a poor finish on turned work, look first at the final drive to the headstock spindle and check (by putting a chalk line across them and running the lathe) that the two belts are exactly the same length, if they are the chalk marks will stay in  line. A solution - and one that saves having to dismantle the headstock and countershaft to replace the belts - is to use the modern T-link type.
While almost every 3000 Series lathes appears to have been fitted with a screwcutting gearbox, some were made with a standard changewheel set up; the sales catalogues were a little vague on this point with publications for the American market sometimes listing the gearbox as a standard fitting on both stand and bench models - but also as an extra on the bench model only. However, export editions (at least to the UK) managed to show it as standard and, simultaneously, amongst the extra-cost accessories for both versions (the lathe was heavily promoted in the UK, with full-page advertisements taken in the Model Engineer Magazine and other publications). The gears in the box were of unhardened steel with all the bushes, whether for gears or rotating shafts, of the simple bronze Oilite kind lubricated through handy, dirt-excluding flip-top oilers. The "English" box was able to generate feeds from 0.0042" to 0.520" per revolution of the spindle and 54 threads from 4 to 240 t.p.i while that fitted to the rare all-metric machines gave feeds from 0.089" to 6.0 mm and 29 threads from 0.1 to 6.0 mm pitches. In the right-hand section of the box was a safety over-load clutch that protected the drive against damage - one of the problems with earlier lathes being the tendency for the cast-in key on the ZAMAK gear that engaged with the leadscrew to shear off.  The 3/4"-diameter 8 t.p.i leadscrew was slotted and carried a sliding key that drove, via a bevel-gear system within the apron, the power cross feed mechanism. End thrust in both directions was absorbed against radial need-roller bearings and, fitted at the headstock end of the shaft, was an over-load protection device designed to slip and prevent damage to the gearbox, its (steel) changewheel gears and the apron mechanism.
With a 1.5" 8 t.p.i. nose, 25/32" bore and 1/2" collet capacity the headstock spindle ran in Timken taper roller races; however, instead of being mounted to the rear of the spindle in traditional fashion the backgear assembly was built into the lower part of the headstock, rather like an early Clausing or Raglan lathe, and engaged by a convenient lever protruding through the front face of the headstock below and just to the left of the spindle nose.
While both the apron and 11.25"-long saddle with its 33.75 square inches of bearing surface were strongly constructed - and the latter fitted to the bed by adjustable laminated shims - the compound slide rest could only be described as adequate for its purpose; the cross slide was of the type that, not being full length, caused wear across the central part of its movement. On the positive side the zeroing micrometer dials were clearly engraved and the mechanism to lock their rotation by positive-action finger screws.
In 1967 a minor change was made to the apron-mounted mechanism that engaged the (standard-fit) power cross feed with the provision of a simple, ball-ended toggle arm that slid the selector button in and out.
Provided with an adjustable gib fitting to the bed, the tailstock was held a 1.125"-diameter ground-steel ram with a No. 2 Morse taper socket and engraved ruler marks from 0 to 3" in 1/16" steps. The clamping handle was permanently attached at the rear of the casting and, because room within the back of the casting was limited, was of the type that could be swung up and round to give a ratcheting action.
The numbering system used by Atlas for this model was:
Bench Model, 24" between-centres, screwcutting gearbox  (no motor) No. 3980 (later 3985)
Bench Model, 36" between-centres, screwcutting gearbox (no motor) No. 3981 (later 3986)
Bench Model, as No. 3980 but to an all-metric specification: No. 3965
Bench Model, 24" between-centres, changewheel screwcutting (no motor) No. 3982
Bench Model, 36" between-centres, changewheel screwcutting (no motor) No. 3983
Underdrive Model, 24" between centres, screwcutting gearbox (no motor): No. 3990 (later the 3995)
Underdrive Model, 36" between centres, screwcutting gearbox (no motor): No. 3991 (later the 3996)
Underdrive Stand Model, as No. 3996 but to an all-metric specification: No. 3975
Unlike earlier Atlas lathes, which were without any form of dating (apart from the headstock roller bearings), some if not all 12-inch models had the casting date on the inside of their beds: a mark such as 9-2-59 would indicate a pouring on September 2nd  1959 - providing the foundry workers had bothered to change the mould numbers, of course.
Although in 1959 a basic short-bed, 24" between centres machine with screwcutting by changewheels for bench mounting could be bought for $192 the lathe shown above (on the underdrive stand) was priced at a little over three times as much.
A bench version of the 12-inch weighed approximately 350 lbs with a gearbox and 320 lbs without; the stand-mounted lathes with a screwcutting gearbox and a capacity of 24-inches between centres weighed 505 lbs, with 36-inch between-centres versions rising to 550 lbs. .


Craftsman/Atlas 12-inch as sold during 1971 with the "Commercial" badge
  

Craftsman 12-inch late-model pictures continued here
  



晚型12英寸车床（1957年后）阿特拉斯12英寸克隆

与1957年新款的12英寸Atlas相同，12英寸Craftsman的最终形式是一个相当修改和改进的模型。抛弃长寿命的10英寸车载饲料反向盒，现在这两种型号都采用了常规的滚翻反转装配，如以前版本的Craftsman车床。除了许多其他的细节变化之外，最大的单一进展是一个整齐的自给式低速机柜支架的选项（除了台式安装的模型之外），使机器更受培训和教育机构的欢迎 - 以及节省住宅用户宝贵的车间空间。在这方面，阿特拉斯落后于南本德和谢尔顿，自从二十世纪四十年代以来，都生产过这样的类型。
根据各自的规格 - 床的长度，电机类型，换向轮的螺旋切削或螺旋齿轮箱等的各种组合 - 车床可以找到以下（可能还有其他）型号：101.28950,101.28910或类似的101.289 **号码包括：101.2758,101.2759,101.2895N，101.2893N，101.2894N，101.2897N，101.28990,101.28991N和101.28993N2。
在二十世纪七十年代，车床上出现了“工匠商业”的徽章，尽管到了二十世纪八十年代初，这已经变成了“西尔斯匠人”。
续下：



1958年工匠工匠12英寸与阿特拉斯徽章一起出售


  
继续：
最后一个12英寸的Atlas于1981年3月6日组装完毕，结束了近50年前的9英寸Atlas车型的生产。作为西尔斯工匠Metalcraft公司同时从生产开始销售，经过多次的改变，一直在稳步发展，直到1957年推出了一个最终改进版本，并在宣传资料中被指定为“后期型号12英寸图集“和”3000系列“。除了一个全新的低速档车架之外，修改后的车型还包括四个传统型号的车架安装型号，型号为3980,3981,3982和3983.该车床还通过Sears徽章标明为“Craftsman”和“Craftsman Commercial” - 西尔斯1 958春季版的“大书”展示了该机的台式版本（到20世纪80年代初，销售目录中的标题和描述已被改为“西尔斯工匠”）。
虽然平顶“英式”床（0.5英寸厚的方式）仍然面对美国人倾向于倒V型的方式，机器的其余部分被大量修改了许多细节的改进，少数部分是可互换的与更早的模型。它有两种型号可供选择：无论是台架式还是立式安装，前者都有一个青铜轴承副轴（相当农业结构）和一个整体式铰接（铸铁）马达支架，用螺栓固定在车床后面的工作台上支撑装置到主轴箱的后部）。杠杆操作机构同时松开了主轴箱和马达皮带。立式车床坐在一个结构整洁的190磅（由厚度3/16“的钢制成，带有切屑托盘作为标准配置）的顶部，其上安装有一个简单而坚固的下驱动中间轴，其皮带轮悬挂在3/4”从中央管道工区块内的轴承的每一侧的直径轴。两种型号都有一个几乎理想的16个主轴转速范围，在28〜45,70,83,112,134,211至345转/分钟的直列驱动下，从后退至164至266,418,500 ，685,805,1270至2072rpm。整齐的铸铝盖板既保护了主轴箱，也保护了发动机皮带轮和变速轮。
感谢美国的罗伯特·唐斯（Robert Downs），后期型号“阿特拉斯”（Atlas）的一个前所未有版本的一个例子已经被揭露，一台序列号为106462的12700型号的车床在所有方面与3995/3996相同，如果提供的工匠徽章版本是未知的。 3995/3996型号的序列号从10万开始（迄今为止最后追溯到第106781号），1979年左右的生产日期似乎是可能的。虽然车床的规格与3996型号相同，但是车架不同，车头架下的较大部分较宽，而低速驱动系统完全封闭在一个（可能是锁门）的后面。不同于在较为常见的商业模型上使用的头端基座，其在顶部比底部稍窄，在12700上的所有角落都是“正方形”，即在顶部相同的前后尺寸如在底部。油底壳的侧壁看起来也是垂直的，而不是倾斜 - 而且可以推测这是一种在学校和训练场所使用的模型，因为锁门可以防止对好奇手指的伤害。
将整个变速器中间轴安装在机柜内部带来了额外的优势

小编薇薇

【九】
First Craftsman Metal Lathe Catalogs 1932-35

The first Craftsman catalog for metal-turning lathes - 1932


The second Craftsman catalog for metal-turning lathes from 1933

Craftsman metal-turning lathes 1934/1935
  

Craftsman metal-turning Lathes accessories for the 1934/1935 season



第一个工匠金属车床目录1932-35




第一个金属车床的工匠目录 - 1932年



1933年的第二个金属车床工匠目录



工匠金属车床1934年/ 1935年
  



工匠金属车削1934/1935赛季的车床配件

小编薇薇

【十】
Early 9-inch and 12-inch Craftsman Lathes (Atlas clones)

Introduced in 1932, at $64.50, the original, lightly constructed 9-inch Craftsman "Metalcraft" lathe was really an early Atlas product - and virtually identical to that Company's own machine of the same capacity. Although "V" belts had been widely available from the early years of the 20th century they were in the form of a wide and clumsy sectional type (identical in concept to today's "T-Link" type) and often used on the final-drive system of less-expensive motorcycles (where their "soft" action took some of the roughness out of the crude power delivery then common). However, just post WW1, a revolution in transmission design was created when the first continuous-loop, narrow-section  "wedge" belt was introduced - though it was to be nearly ten years before it became widely adopted. Atlas lead the way in its application to a small lathe when, in 1932, they introduced an entirely new model, the world's first small lathe with an integral all-V-belt drive system. With motor and countershaft attached to the back of the machine, there was no longer any need for the new owner to find a location in the workshop where he could spend the best part of a day struggling to install a wall or ceiling-mounted countershaft; this machine could be dropped onto a bench, plugged in and used within minutes of arriving home. Described as having a Compound V-belt Drive the lathe was of light construction, with a 9-inch swing (4.5-inch centre height) and also appeared in that year's printing of the Sears, Roebuck catalog as the Craftsman Metalcraft as well as being badged Partner - with both versions painted bright blue (it was also sold, rather confusingly, as the Metalmaster). Appearing only on those lathes with the cheap tin-plate changewheel guard, the Metalmaster and Partner badges were printed on the electrical cover - the inside of which contained, reflecting the true economy of the lathe, a standard-for-the-period household light switch…...
Continuing in production until as late as 1938 (with a number of modifications) the status of the model slowly declined until it was being advertised on the same page and under the same heading as the Utility model - the latter a simplified machine based on the much-improved 10-inch model first offered in 1936. In the first catalog the lathe was not accorded a model number but, from the second and subsequent editions, the numbers 918, 924, 936, 942, 948 and 954 were used with the units and tens digits denoting the bed lengths that gave, respectively 18", 24", 36", 48" and 54" between centres.
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Although a revolutionary machine in so many ways, everything about the 9-Series minimal appearance would seem to suggest that the management's direction to the designer was, "Use the smallest amount of metal that allows a component to do its job so that we have the maximum profit per unit" - and it is instructive to compare it to the later, more fully-developed, heavier and rigid 10-inch and 12-inch machines shown on other pages.  The lathe was not fitted with backgear (unless, in later years, specified with a simplified drive as one of the cheaper Unit Plan machines) but instead used a "double-reduction" V-belt system running on a Hyatt roller-bearing countershaft unit bolted to the back of the headstock. The lathe's ingenious drive was protected under a United States patent No. 1909522 in the name of James G. Collins - but assigned to the Atlas Press Company, by whom, presumably, he was employed. The application was filed on March 8th, 1932 and granted on the May 16th, 1933.
In its "high-speed" position the Collins drive was entirely conventional; a small pulley on the motor drove a large pulley on the swing-head of the countershaft from which three direct-drive speeds, of 220, 370 and 600 rpm, were transmitted to a matching 3-step pulley on the headstock spindle. To obtain the low-speed range takes rather longer to explain than to set-up in practice. The countershaft-pulley shaft was formed in two concentric parts, the right-hand side carrying a large, single pulley that was driven separately from the headstock 3-step pulley by a small pulley fastened to its right-hand face. Normally the small right-hand countershaft pulley just idled, but a "shift collar", inboard of the left-hand countershaft bearing, could be moved to the right to bring it into action. When moved the collar unlocked itself from the shaft and two pins, which extended from its side, went completely through the 3-step pulley and entered the single pulley on its right-hand side - and so locked the two together as a "floating unit". The eventual outcome of these various manipulations was that the drive went from motor to countershaft, countershaft to headstock, back from headstock to countershaft and then, using the 3-speed pulley, back to the headstock to give three slow speeds of 47, 80 and 130 rpm. Although the maker's instructions do not mention the point, some method of releasing the 3-step spindle pulley must also have been provided, otherwise it could not have acted as a drive transmitter. Scrutiny of the picture below should instantly make this interesting down-up-down 'modus-operandi' a little clearer. If you have one of these lathes, but no headstock-spindle drive belts, a good starting point is to try 30-inch belts on the two right-hand pulleys and a 31-inch on the left. The drive, although it eliminated costly backgears, cannot have been a success: with just belt drive it is difficult to get a really low gear ratio (and the slower the belts run the greater their tendency to slip) and it was (and still is) surprisingly difficult to machine sets of pulleys, and purchase quantities of accurately-sized V belts so that a multi-step drive works without the need for some small adjustment in tension when the belt is moved from one speed to another. In addition, as the pulleys wear, the difficulty of setting the belts "just so" increases. On the Atlas some compensation for differences in belt length could be partially made by adjusting the setting of the countershaft bearings in their simple but ingenious "floating" housings with, of course, the whole head further adjustable for belt tension against an over-centre locking bar.
Because the Atlas was (for so light a machine) capable holding rather large pieces of metal, Collins's original idea of low speeds being provided entirely through belts was almost certainly dropped because in "low-gear", when the cutting tool was applied to the edge of a 10" diameter piece of steel, the drive was - to put it kindly - hard pushed to cope. A conventional backgear system was used on the later 10-inch lathes - and the problem solved.
Hardened and ground, the No. 3 Morse taper spindle had an 8 U.S.F thread, a 0.75" bore and ran in "Babbit" bearings, each with a cap packed up on shims that could be delaminated in 0.002" strips (just like a Myford ML7) to allow adjustment for wear. The headstock assembly, with the bearings sitting on top of unbraced columns, was typical of contemporary small-lathe practice; reference to the pictures below will illustrate how this part was greatly improved on later models.
To reverse the direction of the automatic carriage drive a "leadscrew-reverse gearbox", containing a bevel-gear arrangement was bolted to the bed at the headstock-end of the lathe. This device worked well, but unfortunately was prone to damage by impatient, ham-fisted operators. Although Atlas retained this gearbox on machines marketed under their own name until the revised lathes of 1959, on Craftsman branded models from around mid 1936 it was replaced by an ordinary and very effective "tumble-reverse" mechanism. The first version used a simple (and slow to operate) bolt-to-secure lever (exactly like the South Bend 9-inch) while later models had a more convenient type with a spring-plunger that obviated the need to find a hunt down the right wrench. The 6-inch and Mk. 1 (pre-1958) 12-inch lathes both used ordinary changewheels on the tumbler assembly, a 20t on the front stud, a 24t at the rear and a 16/32 compound gear beneath on the output stud..
No power cross feed was fitted on this, or early versions of the 12" model that replaced it; indeed, the first models had their saddle and apron cast as one, with short bracing flanges supporting an extension of the saddle that formed the front part of the cross-slide ways. Of particularly light construction, the cross-slide was cast in Zamak, a material not ideal for resisting torsional stresses. As some disgruntled owners discovered, bolting down the top slide could twist the assembly and stiffen the cross-slide action. On a positive note, a choice of beds was offered having between-centre capacities of 18", 24", 30" and 36".
From 1936, and the introduction of the "conventional" tumble-reverse  12" machine, the lathe developed steadily and became both more robust and reliable as various components were redesigned or improved; the new model was available in both 8 and 16 speed versions (the latter by simply fitting a two-step pulley to motor and countershaft) and both with and without backgear. The least expensive lathe on its introduction was catalogued as the 8-speed, 18 inches between centres, non-backgeared Model "99 PM 2028" at $63.50 whilst the most expensive was the "99 PM 2030" with a capacity between centres of 36 inches and a price of $93.95. Models with 18, 24, 30 and 36 inches between centres were available. Without backgear the speed range was: 170, 270, 430, 504, 680, 832, 1298 and 2100 rpm; with backgear the range became a much more useful: 32, 50, 74, 88, 120, 142, 170, 210, 270, 350, 430, 504, 680, 832, 1298 and 2100 rpm. In 1939 power cross feed became available on the De-lux models and in 1941 16 speeds were made standard across the range with a corresponding increase in price to $89.50 for the cheapest version. Prices continued to rise steeply as war-time conditions took over: in 1942 the range spanned $105 to $165 and in 1943, the last year that the Craftsman power Tools catalog was to appear until 1948,  $125 to $179.50 - an effective doubling in ten years of production.
When Craftsman lathes became available to the civilian market again in 1948 (and in line with a similarly restricted model range from Atlas) just two versions were available both with headstock roller bearings and full belt guarding as standard: the "99 TM 2075 had a capacity of 24 inches between centres and was priced at $197 while the 36" between-centres "99 TM 2079" was listed at $212.  
In 1947 Atlas offered a screwcutting gearbox on their 10F model but it was not until 1951 that the Craftsman version was so equipped. The box appears to have been manufactured in several versions: the first was intended for retrofitting to existing lathes (Type 101.07403 and earlier models) with the original, thinner 3/8"  bed ways; the second was adapted to fit the 1/2" thick way machines and the third, equipped with a safety-overload slip clutch, possibly introduced on the heavily revised lathe (sometimes carrying a "Commercial" badge) of 1959 - though a later date in the 1960s has also been suggested.
Numbers used on the identification plates for the 12-inch Craftsman lathe varied according to many factors including the bed length and type of motor fitted; some machines had an extra zero on the end of the following selection including early types often marked: 101.27580, 101.27590, 101.28930, 101.28940, 101.28950, 101.28970 and later versions with, amongst other designations: 101.20140, 101.20280, 101.20300, 101.20320, 101.20650, 101.20670, 101.20690, 101,20710, 101.20730, 101.20750, 101.20770, 101.20790, 101.27440, 101.27430, 101.07301, 101.07303, 101.07360, 101.07361, 101.07362, 101.07363, 101.07380, 101.07381, 101.07382, 101.07383, 101.07400, 101.07401, 101.07402, 101.07403, M2075,  M2743,  M2079 and  M2744. etc. The different numbers referred to various combinations of bed length, motor type, etc.
If you have a 12-inch Craftsman with other numbers, the writer would be very interested to hear from you.
For details of Craftsman lathe accessories, look in the Atlas Archive


1932 Craftsman Metalmaster 9" x 18" 6 speed centre lathe with its revolutionary Collins all-V-belt integral countershaft system. In its basic form the lathe lacked both an electric motor and a compound slide rest (that was a additional $13 to the $64.50 cost of the basic lathe) - but it did have a full set of screwcutting changewheels, faceplate, drive dog, a (very cheap) household-grade electrical switch, a dial-thread indicator, two cutting tools and a motor pulley.
If the badges have disappeared from a lathe, the manufacturer's version, the Atlas 9", can always be identified by its different bed feet which, instead of the open cast boxes shown above, flared outwards in a smooth curve. Oddly, the Atlas patent drawing showed the Metalmaster feet.


  

The first of the new-style Craftsman 12" lathes as sold from late 1935 until, with several detail modifications, late 1936. This is a 16-speed, 24 inches between-centres model catalog Number "99 PM 2030". Based on a design first used for the 1935 Craftsman wood-turning lathe - which itself was a simplified version of the 1934 Atlas metal-turning lathe - from the very first model the swing was set at 12 inches (12.25" actual), some two inches more than the Atlas version that only achieved same size in the late 1950s when the long-lived 10F was heavily modified and re-introduced as the "12-inch". The saddle and apron were cast as one with short bracing flanges (just visible in the picture) supporting an extension of the saddle that formed the front part of the cross-slide ways. In order to get the cutting tool up to the increased centre height the base and upper casting of the top slide was considerably increased in thickness in comparison with the Atlas version - the difference being especially noticeable in the picture above and an easily-recognised feature of all Craftsman 12-inch lathes until 1958. Note the very light tailstock, an item soon to be greatly improved.
When identification badges have disappeared from the lathe, to make an easy distinction between this and the equivalent Atlas model look for the lack of a bed-mounted leadscrew reversing gearbox - this being replaced by a conventional tumble-reverse mechanism; details of this are shown below..
   

Mid 1936 A very rare "interim" Craftsman 12" that combined a number of early and late features: the much-improved and thicker saddle (necessary to get the cutting tool up to height yet still with a thick upper casting of the top slide) the very first type of (bolt-retained) tumble-reverse mechanism on the changewheel drive - and the continuing, use of the early-pattern light tailstock.
Photographic essay here

Sears were right to insist upon the use (for the Craftsman branded lathes) of a tumble-reverse mechanism in place of the awkward-to-operate leadscrew revering gearbox on the Atlas. The first attempt, shown here, required a spanner to operate and was quickly superseded (in a matter of months) by one with a quick-to-operate, spring-plunger lock.
  

Craftsman 12" lathe 16-speed Standard as produced from late 1936 until late 1937
By 1936 the lathe had undergone many detailed changes and become, like the equivalent Model "D" Atlas, a very much more robust and useful machine. The model illustrated above could have been marked Model 101.07400 or, if towards the end of the production run, 101-L6A 3473S (still with Catalog Number 99 PM 2030) and was the basic 16-speed unit (with backgear) and fitted with babbit plain headstock bearings, a partial guard over the headstock belt and no cover on the motor to countershaft drive - though these refinements were available from the options' list. It retailed from $69.95 to $100 compared to $99.50 to $125 for the De-lux specification (probably marked 101.07403) a lathe that included Timken taper roller bearings in the headstock and, in most years of production,  more comprehensive guarding of the drive belts. Although the (relatively short) bed feet remained unchanged the tailstock was completely redesigned and made immeasurably stronger (this first type is recognisable by the absence of a dipper-rod holder on the front of the casting) and the tumble-reverse lever fitted with a spring-plunger for location. Unfortunately the catalog pictures of the era are not completely correct and suffer from artistic meddling - for example, the Standard machine illustrated above has the roller bearing headstock that was available only on the De-lux model. Owners of these 1936/37 lathes report that a mixture of castings was still used marked, variously "9-" and "10-", reflecting the gradual evolution of the model from the original 9-inch version (though Craftsman-badged versions of course made the jump to a 12-inch rather than 10-inch swing of the Atlas).


Craftsman 12" lathe 16-speed De-lux as introduced in late 1937 and manufactured until late 1939.
The De-lux had not only "selected" Timken taper roller headstock bearings, but comprehensive guarding of both countershaft and headstock belt runs. For the first time the bed feet were extended to support two-thirds of its length and the tumble-reverse mechanism (which reversed the direction of the leadscrew) fitted with a spring-plunger instead of the bolt arrangement.. Prices now ranged from $77.50 for the very basic 8-speed, non-backgeared "99 PM 2028" with 18 inches between centres to $139 for the De-lux Model "99 PM 2032" with a 36 inch capacity. The standard version, as usual, economised with plain babbit (white metal) spindle bearings.


Craftsman 12" lathe 16-speed Standard as introduced in late 1939 and manufactured throughout the Second World War in virtually unchanged form (again, the maker's picture is incorrect--the lathe used in the publicity material has a roller-bearing instead of plain headstock and a front headstock belt cover instead of an open drive. The tailstock was further improved by the fitting of an oil reservoir (in those days it would have held poisonous "white lead") with a dipper rod to lubricate the back centre. Note the longer bearing, held in a more robust housing, at the tailstock end of the leadscrew. In 1941 16 speeds were made standard across the range with a corresponding increase in price to $89.50 for the cheapest version. Prices continued to rise steeply as war-time conditions took over: in 1942 the range spanned $105 to $165 and in 1943, the last year that the Craftsman Power Tools Catalog was to appear until 1948,  $125 to $179.50 - an effective doubling over the 10 years of production.
Note again the enormous depth of the top-slide casting still required to get the tool up to centre height.

A correct 12-inch Craftsman Standard of circa 1939/40 onwards. Unguarded headstock spindle drive belt, plain headstock bearings and, in this case, probably a slightly earlier design of tailstock. This lathe's specification tag reads: 101.07381
  
The first of the 12-inch lathes to have power cross feed were the 1939 De-lux 16-speed, Timken headstock bearing models. For the 1940 selling season -and anticipating larger increases to come -prices had rose slightly to span $79.95 to $155.

A useful range of 16 spindle speeds was available from the all-V-belt drive system with a double-step motor to countershaft pulley and a 4-speed headstock pulley.
It might be imagined that if a Craftsman lathe was going to be fitted with a roller bearing headstock the simplest and cheapest solution would have been for the Atlas to have supplied machines fitted with a headstock as close as possible in design to that used on their own 10-inch lathe or, at a pinch, take a standard headstock and modify it to carry bolt-on bearing caps. In this case however, not only was the design of the headstock casting and  belt-guard supports different, but the backgear assembly was bolted to the back of the headstock - presumably (though this was not mentioned in the catalogs) to allow the lathe to be offered at a lower cost if not so fitted..
  
Instead of the usual quickly-adjustable, over-centre headstock belt tensioning mechanism the Craftsman made do with a very simple lever arrangement retained in place by vertical plate which engaged between or in front of two collars on the tensioning rod. A similar system was also used on a rare version of the Atlas/Craftsman 6-inch lathe but with the operating rod (tipped by a metal knob) protruding through the front face of the headstock.


This picture makes clear the contrast between the more robust arrangements used on the Atlas version - where the headstock casting was extended rearwards to carry the backgear, and the cover pivoted off ears at the very back of the assembly..

As a contrast, here is the arrangement of the Atlas 10F bench-mount countershaft with the rear of the headstock casting extended to provide a mounting for the backgear shaft.
  
   
早期的9英寸和12英寸的工匠车床（阿特拉斯克隆）



1932年推出的原型轻巧结构的9英寸工匠“Metalcraft”车床于1932年推出，是一种早期的Atlas产品 - 几乎与公司自己的同样产能的机器相同。虽然“V”型皮带从二十世纪早期开始广泛应用，但它们的形式却是一种宽阔而笨拙的截面形式（与今天的“T-Link”类型概念相同），常用于末端传动系统的低价摩托车（他们的“软”的行动，粗糙的权力交付，然后普遍采取了一些粗糙）。然而，就在WW1之后，在引入第一个连续循环的窄段“楔形”带时，传输设计发生了一场革命 - 虽然在它被广泛采用之前已经有近十年的时间了。当Atlas在1932年引入一种全新的车型时，Atlas在小型车床上的应用领先，这是世界上第一台带有全V型皮带传动系统的小型车床。电机和副轴连接在机器后面，新主人不再需要在车间找到一个位置，在那里他可以花一天的精力来安装墙壁或天花板安装的副轴;这台机器可以放在长椅上，插上电源，几分钟内即可到达。被描述为具有复合V型皮带驱动器的车床是轻型结构，具有9英寸的摆动（4.5英寸的中心高度），并且出现在当年印刷西尔斯，罗巴克目录中，作为工匠Metalcraft以及带徽章的合作伙伴 - 两个版本都涂成了鲜亮的蓝色（作为Metalmaster，它也被卖出，相当混乱）。只出现在那些用便宜的镀锡铁制变速器护板的车床上，Metalmaster和Partner徽章印在电器盖上，里面包含着反映车床真实经济性的标准的家用灯开关…...
继续生产直到1938年（经过多次修改），模型的地位慢慢下降，直到它被刊登在与实用新型相同的页面和标题下 - 后者是基于多在1936年首次提供的改进的10英寸型号中。在第一个目录中，车床不符合型号，但从第二版和随后的版本中，使用918,924,936,942,948和954号和表示在中心之间分别给出18“，24”，36“，48”和54“的床长度的十位数字。
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继续：
尽管这种革命性的机器有很多种方式，但9系列最小外观的一切似乎都表明，管理层对设计师的指导意见是：“使用最少的金属，允许一个部件完成工作，使我们拥有单位的最大利润“ - 并且将其与其他页面上显示的更晚，更完全开发，更重和更坚硬的10英寸和12英寸机器进行比较是有益的。车床上没有安装背架（除非在晚些时候，将简化的驱动器指定为更便宜的单元计划机器之一），而是使用在凯悦滚柱轴承副轴单元上运行的“双减速”三角皮带系统用螺栓固定在主轴箱的后面。车床的巧妙驱动由詹姆斯·G·科林斯（James G. Collins）的名义在美国专利No.1909522中得到了保护 - 但是被转让给阿特拉斯出版社（Atlas Press Company），据推测他被雇用。该申请于1932年3月8日提出，并于1933年5月16日批准。
柯林斯驾驶的“高速”位置是完全传统的;电机上的一个小皮带轮驱动中间轴摆动头上的一个大皮带轮，从这里，220,370和600转/分的三个直接驱动速度被传送到头架主轴上匹配的三级皮带轮。要获得低速范围需要相当长的时间来解释，而不是在实际中进行设置。副轴 - 皮带轮轴形成两个同心部分，右侧承载一个大的单一的皮带轮，该皮带轮通过固定在其右手面的小皮带轮与主轴箱3级皮带轮分开驱动。通常，小的右侧副轴皮带轮刚刚空转，但左侧副轴轴承内侧的“换挡环”可以向右移动，以使其起作用。移动时，领子从轴上松开，两个从侧面延伸的销子完全穿过三级滑轮，进入右侧的单滑轮，并将两者锁在一起，形成一个“浮动单元”。这些不同的操作的最终结果是，驱动器从电机到副轴，副轴到主轴箱，从主轴箱回到副轴，然后使用三速皮带轮返回到主轴箱，给出三个慢速47,80和130转/分钟。虽然麦

  

小编薇薇

【十一】
Model 80 & AA109, Dunlap & Companion Lathes



Used by the famous American mail-order company "Sears, Roebuck & Co." (and Simpson-Sears Limited of Canada) the lathe models "Craftsman", "Companion" and "Dunlap" were also employed to brand a very wide range of power and hand tools.
Although the company had offered a range of lathes from the late 1800s, it was in 1932 that their most famous machine became available, a  9" swing model manufactured by the Atlas Company. This machine, regularly updated year by year in line with changes to the Atlas range, was replaced in 1936 by a much heavier 12" model based on the Atlas F10. It seems surprising that Atlas built a 12" model for Sears, yet restricted their own machine to a 10" swing, especially as it would be the early 1960s before they increased the capacity of their own lathe to match.  The introduction of the large Atlas clone was followed, in 1937, by a version of the same company's 6" lathe. This latter machine was marketed in an almost unchanged form until the late 1960s, when a redesigned Mk. 2 model was introduced and Atlas also began selling direct to the public; these machines are featured on other pages.
It can be difficult to separate the wood-turning lathes offered by Sears, Roebuck into the products of Atlas and the Double A Company - the latter of Lansing, Michigan and owned at one time by the huge Brown & Sharp Corporation. However, it appears that, until the 1939 season, the metal and some wood-turning lathes were by Atlas, with the cheaper wood lathes produced by Double A and a number of smaller suppliers including the original Clausing company. In 1936 the first, very simple V-bed "AA" metal-turning lathe was introduced (illustrated immediately below) using the brand name that Sears reserved for their cheaper products: "Companion". Even the earliest models can be clearly recognised as having features belonging to the better-known post-war AA "Model 109" and later Craftsman "Model 80" lathes. These more highly-developed versions included proper leadscrew clasp nuts, an epicyclic "backgear" assembly built into the headstock pulley and graduations on the cross-feed screw; however, the headstock spindle and bearings were always of marginal strength and durability, and remained a weak point throughout the model's life. Some AA 109s were branded as Simpson, for sale by the Canadian mail-order store of the same name; in the 1970s Sears-Roebuck bought out Simpson and renamed the company Simpson-Sears and later just Sears - by which name the firm continues to market the Craftsman brand.  Another branding occasionally found on the 109 and Model 80 is "Courlan" - lathes with this marking having been found in Australia and South Africa although one report has the Company based in Jersey City, USA. Should any reader have a Courlan-branded lathe the writer would be interested to know.
Principle maker of chucks fitted to AA (and Craftsman) lathes were by Dexter (a company still in business in 2010) and its just possible that the AA may have been marketed in Europe branded "Dexter" - though nothing certain is known about this arrangement.
All the lathes illustrated on this page are products of the Double A Company (many people use the shorthand "AA") a regular supplier to Sears of other equipment, whose earliest lathes appear to have been wood-turning machines offered with a range of accessories that allowed them to undertake light-duty metal turning. As a point of interest, the official designation was to be found on the company's transfers badges:  Double A Products Co. / Manchester, Michigan 48158 / A division of Brown & Sharpe Mfg . Co
Numbers affixed to these cheaper Craftsman lathes included: 109.0701, 109.0702,  109.0703,  109.2046,  109.2053,  109.2062,  109.2063, 109.2064, 109.2082,  109.2127,  109.2128 with some having an additional zero at the end.  
Continued below:

  
Continued:
Late 1936 and the first of the V-bed AA metal-turning lathes appears as the simple, plain-turning, 6-inch by 28-inch "Companion" model (Catalog Number 99 P 2021) listed as: "metal working, model maker's lathe". The 1/2" x 24 t.p.i headstock spindle ran in plain bronze bushes - the front was adjustable - and carried a 3-step V belt pulley. Unfortunately, in its first form, the machine was not as heavily built nor as well specified as it might have been; the front of the headstock casting was open and the front bearing given the minimum of support; both the headstock and tailstock were provided with a non-standard form of taper that was close to, but did not match, the standard  O Morse - a size adequate for genuine miniature lathes, but hopeless for anything with a swing of greater than 3 inches. There were no graduations on the micrometer feed dials and no quick-feed rack drive fitted to the carriage, instead it was hand driven along the length of the twin V-way bed by a leadscrew and "full" nut - but at least the slide rest was a proper compound unit. For decades, most small lathes have been arranged so that carriage and tailstock run on different ways, or different parts of the same way, to ensure that the tailstock does not have to run over the bed worn away by the saddle and spoil its height alignment. Unfortunately, on all 109s, in the interests of economy, the ways were shared. Notice that the lathe has no apron on the carriage, the leadscrew nut is fastened to the underside of the saddle front, a simple design used by many other makers, such as Portass of Sheffield. However, despite these simple arrangements, it is as well to bear in mind that the machine sold at a very competitive price and (devoid of almost all equipment) was listed at just $10.95 when even a decent-quality 1/4 hp motor from the Craftsman catalog was US$11.70. For the money this represented a remarkable achievement of production economics. Throughout its production life (1936--1940) the lathe was offered with only a very limited range of accessories: a 4-jaw chuck at $3.10, 0 Morse centres at 45c, a jack-shaft drive pulley system for $2.45  (that gave a speed range more suitable for metal turning) and standard or  "improved" pairs of adjustable motor rails at 50c.
Continued below:

  
Continued:
By late 1937 the lathe had been given an enclosed front to the headstock casting that both protected the operator's hands from the drive and provided a very much better supported spindle - though there was no back wall to the assembly and both the left and right-hand sides were of rather slender proportions.
For once a maker was refreshingly honest about its products limitations, stating that the lathe was: "Well suited to the model maker or man who wants to do light metal work. Not quite the accuracy and precision of the larger machines, but plenty close enough for most work." To put the lather into perspective, although the price had now risen to $14.50 the nearest competitor in the Craftsman range, the newly-introduced and very well specified 6-inch Atlas clone, was $42.50 - a price that included a neat, built-on all-V-belt countershaft unit - but not a motor or set of screwcutting changewheels.
In order to offer a dedicated armature-turning model, "Sherman Clark Mfg. Co. of Jackson Michigan (USA)" offered a special version with longitudinal feed by power and hand lever and, if your 109 is so equipped, the writer would be interested to hear from you. The 109 model survived in the catalogs until 1940 when it was replaced by a more highly developed and useful version..
Continued below:


Above: badged as a Dunlap the new-for-1941-season 109 with screwcutting and backgear. It was also available (left) bereft of these fitting as the  "Standard Model" 109.2046. Because the lathe was offered as a modular system it was possible to buy the ordinary model and then add features as finances allowed.

  
Badge used on the AA lathe distributed through the Canadian Simpson Company
  

Continued:
Marketed by Sears the new-for-1941-version of  the AA109 6" x 18" at first carried the name "Dunlap", a name always used for the company's less-expensive models. By now the lathe had begun to grow up and also been given the contemporary "streamline"  treatment and, for the fist time, was fitted with an apron that carried a leadscrew half-nut the operating lever for which snapped into position through the operation of a spring-loaded ball detent. Although this mechanism gave a positive action, there was no compensating pad on top of the leadscrew to absorb the upward thrust. The new lathe was a model of mechanical simplicity and economical production with the saddle, apron and the cross-feed screw end bracket cast as one piece - as illustrated lower down the page. The lathe was initially marketed as just a single model with a capacity between centres of 18 inches (identification numbers included 109.07801 and 109.0702 with a hand-cranked leadscrew to drive the carriage (but no screwcutting), the 109.0703 with both screwcutting and backgear and later, advertised for just a single selling season (from November 1945) as a short-bed version with models that included the  109.2062 and 109.20630. However, regardless of specification, all versions were of very similar appearance and the simple models always available with a range of extras to turn them into more effective machines; these items included a 5 : 1 ratio epicyclic backgear ($3.95) built into the 4-step headstock pulley and a complete screwcutting set ($9.65) consisting of changewheels, mounting bracket, inner and outer guards, a 0.5" by 16 t.p.i. Acme-form leadscrew and a proper tumble-reverse mechanism that allowed the spindle turn freely or engage the changewheels to produce left or right-handed threads to choice. An interesting detail concerns the beds: those with shorter ones, whether badged as Dunlap or (later) Craftsman, had a gap between the top of the two V-ways of 2.50 inches while two specific variants, the longer 109.0702 and 109.073 models had beds that were narrower, with a V-to-V spacing of 2.125". Interestingly, although the "manuals" for this series mentions the 109.07** types, they fail to give separate parts numbers for either the bed or any of the other important items associated with it - the saddle, headstock casting and tailstock, etc. Should you come across a dedicated "manual" for the 109.07** versions, the writer would be very interested to hear from you. Whilst the improvements to both rigidity and specification were welcome all versions of the new model were still of limited usefulness for serious work as they retained the No. 0 Morse centres, had un-graduated micrometer dials and were not supplied with a speed-reducing countershaft unit. In recent years the inherent weakness of the headstock assembly (and flexibility of the whole machine) has been displayed by a number of scrap machines appearing less their main spindle. These were probably broken when the owner, an impatient beginner, "bore down" on the cross-feed to "compensate" for a dull, off-centre tool bit. Those more experienced user would have recognised the "wiggly" feeling as the tool got under the work - the precursor, of course, to something snapping. However, when new, the machines remained good value with the better specified of the two priced at $31.95 - something of a bargain when the 6" Atlas was $67.50 and the 12" Deluxe $135.
When driven directly from an electric motor 8 speeds from 580 to 2040 RPM were available - and threads from 8 to 96 t.p.i could be cut. However, because the lathe's bottom speed was so high, success in this department would have meant either specifying the optional epicyclic backgear assembly, which was built into the headstock belt pulley and reduced the bottom speed to a more useful (but still not ideal) 116 rpm, or looking through the Sears catalog in the hope of being able to adapt one of the speed-reducing "Jack-shaft" (countershaft) units made for the wood-lathe range. That the lathe was not offered with one of these as even an option was a strange omission, for, in earlier years, just such a unit had been listed as an accessory along with other metal-turning accessories.
When the Sears, Roebuck catalog reappeared after WW2, in 1948, the 6" lathe was marketed under a new model number "99 TM 2063" and, labelled "Craftsman Model 80"; apart from a shorter bed it looked identical to its last appearance in 1943 when it was labelled a "Dunlap".
The 2063 version of the Model 80 lasted for just one year and in 1949 the Catalog number became 99 AM 2127 (Model 109.21270) and the familiar three-rib headstock cover was replaced by an "engine-turned" decorative plate with other numerous styling changes to give it a more "up-to-date" appearance. No mechanical improvements were made to the lathe which now had a deliberately styled "consumer look", and was offered, as before, in basic form without motor or chuck.
The headstock spindle carried a three-step V pulley - whilst supplied with the lathe was a four-step pulley to be used on the customer's own motor. Although fitted with a planetary-type backgear assembly built into the face of the headstock pulley, tumble reverse and screwcutting there was no countershaft arrangement and, if directly driven by the recommended 1750 rpm motor, the bottom speed of 120 rpm would have made screwcutting very difficult - though no doubt serious users might have found a slower or variable-speed motor and fitted  smaller pulleys on its shaft or built a speed-reducing countershaft to get round the problem. Obviously aware of the limitations imposed by this arrangement, the Company offered later versions with the option of a double-step pulley on the motor and a proper countershaft assembly, thus doubling the number of speeds and giving, according to the handbook, a range from 55 to 465 rpm in backgear and from 380 to 3050 in direct drive - a very much more satisfactory arrangement. The (frankly weak and inadequate) headstock spindle ran in bronze bearings and carried a nose thread of 0.5" x 20 t.p.i.  
To the inexperienced eye this would have appeared a little lathe of attractive design but, in reality, it was a bottom-of-the-range model and intended only for light-duty work. Although with experience, care and the use of light cuts satisfactory work could be accomplished on these machines, new owners, once exposed to the practicalities of using the machine, must have been quickly irritated by a general lack of rigidity, the tiny 0-Morse taper centres, the absence of a proper handwheel handle on the leadscrew end, the penny-pinching failure to fit graduated dials on the feed screws and, on early or standard late versions, a bottom speed that was far too fast.
Besides lathes, the Double A Company also manufactured many items for Sears including bench grinders, wet grinders, sanders, bench saws and a builders' saw. Production of lathes appears to have stopped in about 1965 and, unfortunately, parts and drawings are no longer available.
Although the two models are very different, confusion has arisen in the past between the "Craftsman 80" and another lathe sold be Sears, the Craftsman 6" - a machine actually made by the Atlas Company. The Craftsman 80 was in quite a different league to the Atlas version and cost, in the mid 1950s, as little as $48.50 in comparison to the $160 of its much better built and specified bother..



Listed for just the 1948 selling season, the Double A Company's Model 109-2063 was identical, apart from a shorter bed and a bolt-on bracket to carry the tailstock end of the leadscrew, to its last appearance in wartime 1943.

  
Economical casting. The saddle on the 1941 109-series was cast complete with an apron and cross-feed screw end bracket.



1949 6" x 12" Craftsman Model 80 - usually catalogued as the 109-21270
  

Craftsman 80 (Model 109.21270) screwcutting  changewheels and tumble reverse mechanism.
Note how use was made of the inner-guard cover to provide an indent location for the tumble reverse selector lever - a method also used on the English Murad lathe of the 1940s.

  
The 3-inch centre height by 19.25" between centres Model 109.21280 was the last machine in the AA series and listed until the late 1960s. It had a distinctly "square" appearance to the headstock, looked rather different to the earlier variants and, because of the styling, is sometimes confused with the later Atlas Mk. 2 6-inch (also produced  in a Craftsman version).
The headstock spindle ran in plain bearing and carried a 5 : 1 ratio epicyclic slow-speed "backgear" arrangement inside the 3-step headstock pulley that gave a total of 6 speeds; the headstock pulley was driven directly from the motor, with no intermediate countershaft. In comparison with earlier versions the lathe featured numerous small improvements, including a No. 1 Morse taper tailstock and No. 2 Morse headstock spindle, and further details can be found here. If you own a 109.21280  the writer would be interested to hear from you.

**It has long been assumed that Simpson, the Canadian department store and mail order firm was bought out by Sears. However, Simpson were an independent firm and carried numerous AA products including the early AA-109 lathe.  Until Simpson and Sears entered into a partnership in 1952, one might presumes that AA Engineering had an exclusive relationship with Sears in the US, but was free to supply foreign firms where Sears had no market presence.  Simpson, a powerful firm and not a mere satellite of the great Sears, Roebuck empire, was thus able to sell AA products through its own supply system. Emerging in good order from the depression of the 1930s - and despite materials restrictions and significant loss of employees during WW2 - it expanded during the conflict and immediately after allowing it to swallow Smallman and Ingram of London Ontario and R.H. Department Store, the largest retailer in Regina Saskatchewan.  It also managed to build a new mail-order centre in Vancouver, British Columbia, and renovate many of its outlets.
It is not known when Simpson first sold an AA Products lathe, but the rare 'Simpson Supremacy' lathe was identical to the Dunlap 109 model introduced in 1943 and then reintroduced in December 1945 by Sears. After WW2, Sears, sought expansion into Canada - though it could not simply steamroller the 'Dominion' firm Simpson.  Hence, in 1951, Sears initiated discussions about an association with Simpson welcoming the capital for expansion and access to Sears' procurement and distribution mechanism.  Accordingly, in 1952, a deal was reached whereby Sears assumed control of Simpson's mail-order business comprising 390 fixed distribution installations.  Concurrently, the two firms would jointly own and operate department stores known as Simpson-Sears.  During the 1950s and 1960s Simpson continued to run its own stores in the five urban zones where it already had a presence (and also opened new outlets) while outside these areas new Simpson-Sears stores began to appeared.  In 1978 the great Hudson's Bay Company acquired the Simpson chain and, in 1991, the last Simpson store became 'The Bay'.  During the course of this the Simpson-Sears stores became US-operated Sears operations under that name.  


Headstock epicyclic gear housing on the 109
Not as common on other makes as one might expect - especially given the transformation it can make to a lathe's capabilities -  the compact epicyclic (or planetary) backgear assembly fitted to some AA-manufactured, Craftsman-branded machines gave a range of slow speeds that allowed screwcutting and the facing of large diameters to be undertaken with a greater chance of success.  Consisting of three main elements, the mechanism comprised: a gear attached to a 3-step pulley, a carrier with 3 planet pinions and an annulus gear. The 3-step pulley, together with its attached "sun" gear, was free to rotate on the headstock spindle. Opposite was a large gear cut on the inside surface of a short cylinder so that its teeth faced inwards (an annulus gear): this assembly was also free to rotate on the spindle. The "sun" gear on the 3-step pulley engaged simultaneously with 3 "planet" gears (called pinions because they meshed with a larger gear) mounted on studs attached to a carrier plate that was both keyed (permanently) to the spindle and locked (temporarily, by a sliding block) to the annulus gear. Because the carrier was both keyed to the shaft and locked to the annulus gear, non of the gears could rotate and turning the pulley caused the spindle to rotate - so giving a direct drive. For any epicyclic gearing to work, one of the three gears sets has to be held stationary so that one of the other gear sets can act independently as an input and the third set independently as an output. In the case of the 109 lathe it was the annulus gear that was prevented from rotating (by a 2-position indented pin passing through the front face of the headstock into its face) and the carrier assembly that had to be released so that it could turn independently. The carrier had six slots cut in its periphery into which a block, sliding in a slot cut in the face of the annulus gear, could engaged and so lock them together. The block was clamped in place by a bolt and slackening this let the block slide out of engagement and allowed the carrier and its planet pinions to rotate. With this new arrangement set, turning the pulley caused  the "sun" drive gear to rotate the planet pinions, mesh with the annulus gear and so reduce the drive ratio. When you see the mechanism in action, its function is obvious - though tortuous to explain.
Another AA epicyclic backgear assembly, with the annulus gear held stationary by a clamp, can be seen  in pictures of the company's last lathe, the 109.21290.


The whole of the epicyclic gear assembly. On the left the annulus gear, free to rotate on the spindle: in the middle the carrier plate keyed to the spindle with its 3 "planet" pinions: on the right, and also free to spin on the headstock spindle, the 3-step pulley with its attached "sun" gear.

  
The carrier plate with 6 slots in its periphery to accept the sliding block that locked it to the annulus gear


Model 80和AA109，Dunlap和Companion车床



由美国着名的邮购公司“Sears，Roebuck＆Co.”使用。 （和加拿大辛普森 - 西尔斯有限公司）车工模型“Craftsman”，“Companion”和“Dunlap”也被用来品牌非常广泛的电力和手工工具。
尽管19世纪后期公司已经提供了一系列车床，但是在1932年，他们最有名的机器变得可用了，这是一台由阿特拉斯公司生产的9“摆动车型，该机器每年定期更新，阿特拉斯系列，在1936年由一个更重的12“模型基于Atlas F10取代。看起来令人吃惊的是，Atlas为Sears建立了一个12英寸的模型，但是却把自己的机器限制在了10英寸的范围内，特别是在20世纪60年代初，他们增加了自己的车床的能力。在1937年，阿特拉斯的一个大克隆被引入了同一家公司的6英寸车床，后来这台机器几乎没有改变，直到1960年代后期才重新设计的Mk.2型号和Atlas也开始直接向公众销售;这些机器在其他页面上展示。
把西尔斯，罗巴克提供的木车车间分为阿特拉斯和密歇根州兰辛的后者，并由巨大的布朗和夏普公司一次拥有的双A公司的产品是很难分开的。然而，直到1939年，阿特拉斯才出现金属和一些木工车床，DoubleA生产的便宜的木工车床和包括原来的Clausing公司在内的一些小型供应商。 1936年，第一个非常简单的V型床“AA”金属车床被引入（下面直接说明），使用西尔斯为其便宜产品“伴侣”保留的品牌名称。即使是最早的型号，也可以清楚地认识到，它们属于战后AA型“109型”和后来的工匠型“80型”车床。这些更高度发展的版本包括合适的导螺杆卡环螺母，内置于头架皮带轮中的行星“背部”组件以及横向进给螺杆上的刻度;然而，主轴箱和轴承始终具有极强的强度和耐久性，在整个模型寿命期间仍然是一个薄弱环节。一些AA 109被标记为辛普森，由加拿大同名的邮购商店出售;在七十年代，西尔斯 - 罗巴克（Sears-Roebuck）收购了辛普森（Simpson），并更名为辛普森 - 西尔斯（Simpson-Sears）公司，后来更名为西尔斯（Sears），公司继续推销Craftsman品牌。在109和Model 80上偶尔发现的另一个品牌是“Courlan” - 在澳大利亚和南非都有这种标志的车床，尽管有一份报告指出该公司位于美国新泽西州。如果任何读者有一个Courlan品牌的车床作者有兴趣知道。
适用于AA（和Craftsman）车床的卡盘的主要生产商是Dexter（一家2010年仍在运营的公司），而AA可能已经在欧洲以“Dexter”品牌销售 - 尽管对此安排一无所知。
本页所示的所有车床都是Double A公司的产品（许多人使用速记“AA”）作为其他设备的Sears的常规供应商，其最早的车床似乎是木工车床，提供一系列附件允许他们进行轻型金属车削。作为一个兴趣点，正式的名称可以在公司的转让徽章上找到：Double A Products Co. / Manchester，Michigan 48158 / Brown＆Sharpe Mfg的一个部门。有限公司
附于这些更便宜的工匠车床上的编号包括：109.0701,109.0702,109.0703,109.2046,109,2053,109.2062,109.2063,109.2064,109.2082,109.2127,109.2128，其中一些在末端具有另外的零。
续下：



继续：
1936年底，第一台V型AA型金属车床出现了简单的普通车削，6英寸乘28英寸的“Companion”型号（型号99 P 2021），名称为：“金属加工，型号制造商的车床“。 1/2“x 24 tpi的主轴箱主轴在普通的青铜衬套中运转，前面是可调节的，并带有3段V形皮带轮。不幸的是，在第一种形式中，机床的重量并不像它可能是这样的;主轴箱铸件的前部是打开的，而前部轴承的支撑最小;主轴箱和尾座都配备了非标准形式的锥度，接近但不符合标准O Morse--适用于真正的微型车床的尺寸，但对于摆动大于3英寸的任何东西都是毫无希望的。千分表上没有刻度盘，并且没有安装快速齿条驱动装置，而是手动驱动沿着双V型床的长度由导螺杆和“全”螺母 - 但至少滑动休息是一个合适的复合单位。

小编薇薇

【十二】
Craftsman-branded Wood Lathes

Although from the late 1800s Sears, Roebuck & Co." had offered a number of wood-turning lathes, it was not until 1933 that the range was rationalised around two labels: Companion the for cheaper models and Craftsman for more expensive types. Prior to this the machines on offer had been a rather miscellaneous selection - of flimsy construction -  many by long-forgotten small manufacturers and some of which were in the catalog for only a year before being replaced; today, they are very rare. The Craftsman and Companion labels were used not just for metal and wood-turning lathes, but a very wide range of power and hand tools. Another name used was "Dunlap" - this replacing the "Companion" branding in 1941.
Research published on the Old Wood Working Machines Group (http://owwm.com) has discovered the following more important makers of Companion, Craftsman and Dunlap-branded woodworking machines:
Herberts Machinery Co. King-Seeley Corp. (model-number prefix 103) wood lathes until 1934/5 American Machine & Tool Co., Inc. (model-number prefix 149)
Atlas Press (model-number prefix 101)
Belsaw Machinery Co. (model-number prefix 306)
Brown-Brockmeyer Co. (model-number prefix 410)
Clausing Industrial, Inc. (model-number prefix 534)
DeWalt Products Co. (model-number prefix 901)
Double A Products Co. (AA Products) (model-number prefix 109)
Emerson Electric Co. (model-number prefix 113)
Parks Woodworking Machine Co. (model-number prefix 112)
Power King Tool Corp. (model-number prefix 534)
Syncro Corp. (model-number prefix 110)
Sypher Manufacturing Co.
Walker-Turner Co., Inc. (model-number prefix 102).
  
1929 Clipper - most basic of lathes from the late 1920s with a single-speed, babbit bearing headstock- and 'fresh-air' tailstock. The centre height was 5.5" and, depending upon how brave you were, and what timber you had to hand, the distance between centres could be as great as you wished. Even today this method is still a valid way of constructing a large wood-turning lathe at minimum cost, the Conover Company in the USA being a recent example.
The spindle was 1 inch in diameter and threaded on the right to take a faceplate (with a centre socket" of unknown specification) and at the rear allow a circular saw or grinding wheel to be mounted between two flanges. The lathe came complete with one drive centre, a rather small radially-slotted faceplate, an adjustable chisel rest and weighed - despite the flimsy tailstock - a respectable 60 lbs. The cost, in 1929, was $15.50.

1929 Progress - with a much heavier headstock (though hardly improved tailstock) this 13-inch swing lathe had a 13/16" diameter spindle carrying two pulleys (of 6 and 4 inches in diameter) driven by a 11/2" wide flat belt.
With the lathe was a complete fast-and-loose countershaft unit - that allowed the motor to be left running when the belt was shifted, by the belt forks, from the drive to the free pulley. The lathe and countershaft had a shipping weight of 130 lbs - and cost an expensive $38.

1929 Wood-lathe 2-speed countershaft with fast-and-loose pulleys.
  
1930 "Peerless". Probably made by the Sypher Manufacturing Company of Toledo, Ohio, this was an interesting attempt to market a self-contained motorised wood lathe. The swing was 12" and the  capacity between centres 36"; the motor, an ordinary single-speed, 1/3 hp, 110 volt AC unit that ran at 1750 rpm unit, carried a faceplate and centre on its spindle. The bed was made from cheap, angle-steel sections and carried the simplest-possible kind of tailstock and toolrest. The lathe was priced at $33 - which included a freight charge to anywhere in the USA.
Sypher's own electric-motor headstock lathe had a better toolrest, a proper tailstock with a screw-feed, self-eject barrel and, considering the mass of the machine, a more conservative swing of 7.75" - strangely however, the motor was less-well supported and the machine cost $12 more than the "Peerless".
  
1930 "Challenger Home Workshop"
Build in the depths of the Great Depression, and only available as part of the $85 "Challenger Home Work Shop",  the wood lathe above was yet another minimalist Sears production that used as little material as possible to do the greatest amount of work.
Whilst the 8-inch saw bench and 4-inch planer appear to have been robustly constructed, the 6-inch swing 3-speed lathe was very lightly built with both the headstock and tailstock unbraced and clamped down by single bolts to the rails of a simple angle-steel bed. Note, however, that the drive was by V belt to an overhung pulley - the first time a V belt had been used on a Sears lathe - and quite possibly its first use ever on an amateur machine tool.
  
1932 "Driver"
Built on an angle-steel bed with cast-iron headstock, tailstock and toolrest (and with an overhung drive pulley) this was a very small lathe - so tiny that, conveniently, the advertising literature failed completely to mention its dimensions and gave instead the weights of the individual components: the bronze-bushed headstock 2 lbs 4 ozs, tailstock 2 lbs 8 ozs, bed 7 lbs, toolrest 2 lbs and the two 4-step pulleys 1 lb each. The price, including carriage, was $6.65. That was cheap - even in 1932 - but less expensive and even smaller lathes were to come ….

1932 "Driver Heavy Duty"
The last wood-turning lathe manufactured by Sears before the introduction of the "Craftsman" range, this (remarkable for its era) "Driver Heavy Duty" was built with a self-contained, 4-speed, V-belt drive motor-platform behind the headstock.
With a 12 inch swing , a capacity of 30 inches between centres and a shipping weight of 78 lbs (without a motor) this was a much more substantial affair than its junior brother, shown higher up the page. The 42 inch long bed (which was 4.5" wide and 2.5" deep) was constructed from angle steel and carried a headstock, toolrest and tailstock in cast iron. The headstock, (unusually for a wood lathe of any age or type) was fitted with Timken taper-roller bearings. The price was $39.50

Craftsman, Companion & Dunlap
Wood-turning Lathes 1933  - 1943

In 1933 the Sears, Roebuck Company launched the first of their Herberts (of Los Angeles) manufactured "Craftsman" and cheaper "Companion" lathes. The Companion was a 6-inch centre height machine that admitted 24" between centres; the 3-speed, V-belt drive headstock was built around a 5/8" diameter spindle running on bronze bearing lubricated through wick feeds.  The lock for the tailstock barrel was a screw that simple pressed down against it - a crude, not very effective, but very cheap solution. The bed carried a pair of feet mid-way down for extra support, the tool rest was 5 inches long and it was suggested that a 1/4 hp motor would be adequately powerful to run the lathe. The shipping weight was 22 lbs and the price $4.50.

Companion 6" x 24" - cheapest in the range
   Least expensive of the Craftsman lathes was the "8-inch", a machine very similar to the Companion "6-inch" but with an increased swing and an additional 6 inches between centres. The headstock spindle was no larger at 5/8" but made from Chrome vanadium steel, ran on bronze bushes and carried a 4 instead of a 3-step V pulley. The spindle was extended to the left, that Sears claimed allowed outboard turning - but for which a faceplate from the range of 3, 6, 8 and  9-inch diameters in the options' list would have been needed. The tool rest was 6 inches long and, ready for shipping, the lathe weighed about 35 lbs. The price in 1933 was $9.50 - at a time when the average weekly earning of a worker in industry was $1786

The 9-inch Craftsman wood-turning lathe was very much more heavily built than the cheaper models in the range - ready for shipping it weighed nearly two-and-one-half times as much as the 8-inch model.
Double-ended, the 5/8-inch diameter headstock spindle ran in "sealed-for-life" ball bearings and was driven by a 4-step, V-belt pulley whose face was ringed with 60 indexing holes with an extension to the front of the headstock casting holding the spring-loaded plunger.
The lathe came complete with cup and spur centres, 4-inch and 8-inch T rests, a 4-step V pulley with 1/2-inch bore to fit the drive motor, one V belt and a double-ended wrench.

Heaviest, and best of the 'first-edition' Craftsman wood-turning lathes was the 12-inch model. With a shipping weight of 97 lbs and a 9/16" bore, No. 2 Morse taper headstock spindle (properly threaded at both ends) running in sealed-for-life ball bearings, this was a usefully strong and workman-like machine. The impression would have been reinforced by the proper barrel lock on the tailstock and the provision, as standard, of both 31/2" and 9" faceplates that were threaded to fit both the left and right-hand sides of the spindle.
Like the lighter 9-inch lathe, the larger end face of the V pulley was drilled with a circle of 60 indexing holes - with the locating plunger built into an ear formed on the front face of the headstock casting.  
  
The tailstock of the 12-inch Craftsman was of almost metal-lathe proportions and even included a proper barrel lock - an almost unheard of refinement on a 1930s wood lathe intended for use by amateurs


A circle of 60 indexing holes - with the locating plunger built into an ear formed on the front face of the headstock casting - was standard on the 1933 12-inch Craftsman wood-turning lathe.  

The 12-inch model was the only lathe in the 1933 Craftsman range to be offered with the option of an extra-long, twin-support toolrest .
  
Above: wood lathes manufactured by Herberts and marketed by Sears, Roebuck and Co. during 1933. Lathes branded "Companion" were always the cheaper option
  
Above: 1933 - lathes made by Herberts Machinery and a cheaper option (than the one below) for a Craftsman-branded ball-bearing lathe
  
Above: 1933 advertisement for a top-of-the-range Herberts'-manufactured ball-bearing spindle wood lathe

Craftsman & Dunlap Wood-turning Lathes 1947-1966
  
  
1947 Craftsman Model "80"  9-inch swing by 30 inches between centres.
When production of Craftsman wood lathes started again after World War Two the better of the two machines introduced in 1947 (1948 catalog year) was the Model "80". Despite its No. 1 Morse taper, 3/4" diameter headstock spindle running on plain, "Oilite" self-lubricating bronze bearings (and one ball-bearing race for thrust) this was a respectably heavy (78 lb) machine with all its main components in cast iron.  
Unusually, the headstock spindle carried no thread, instead a square section was formed on its end - with faceplates and other fittings held on by grub screws - a horribly crude system that only lasted for one year - the 1948 models being fitted with not only a proper thread, but a ball bearing spindle as well, of a type first used in 1933 ....
Four spindle speeds were provided of  875, 1350, 2250 and 3450 rpm - although the motor and 4-step V pulley required to produce them were only available at extra cost and,  at $18.50, increased the price of the basic lathe by a massive 39%. If you could find your own motor it was recommended that a 1/3 hp, running at 1760 rpm, be considered the minimum that would provide a satisfactory performance. The lathe could be driven from either behind or, with suitable slots cut in the bench, from below. No speed- reducing countershaft (Sears called them 'jack shafts') was used, the motor, as on most wood lathes, drove the spindle directly.
A cover could be removed from the left-hand end of the headstock spindle to reveal a left-hand thread on which a faceplate could be mounted for large-diameter "outboard" bowl turning. Strangely, Sears missed the opportunity to offer a proper bench-mounted tool rest for this activity for non was ever listed in the accessory pages.
The lathe was finished in grey enamel with chrome plated fittings and decorated with what was to become a trademark of Craftsman products, an imitation "engine-turned" decorative cover over the headstock. The machine was 101/4" high, 85/8" wide and 101/8" long - and when introduced cost $47.50. Production of the lathe in an identical form continued until around 1959, when it was replaced by a new round-bed 12-inch swing model.

  
A square section was formed on the end of the spindle - with faceplates and other fittings held on by grub screws - a horribly crude system that lasted for just one year on the Model 80 but for over thirteen on the Model "40" (later "Dunlap").
  
1947 Craftsman Model "40" 8-inch swing by 24 inches between centres.
Introduced alongside the Model "80" this lathe cost just $30.50, some 36% less. The same cast-iron construction was used for the major components - the weight of the basic machine was 54 lbs - and the motor could be made to drive the spindle from either behind or below. The electric motor and its 3-step pulley were, of course, extras - not surprisingly for, when supplied with the lathe, they raised the price to  $49, an increase of over 61%.
A cover could be removed from the left-hand end of the headstock and a large faceplate fitted for bowl-turning - although, as for the Model 80, no tool rest for this kind of work was to be found in the accessory lists.
The "Craftsman" name was used until 1951 when it was changed to one last used on a wood lathe in the early 1940s - Dunlap. The machine continued in production until the early 1960s - outlasting, by a few years, the original Model "80"

Mid 1950s Craftsman Ball-bearing spindle wood-turning lathe with the optional bed-extension piece in place.

Having disappeared from the lists in 1954, by 1956 the demand for a really cheap wood-turning lathe must have persuaded Sears to reintroduce the 8-inch by 24 inch "Dunlap" model.
With a 3-speed (1025, 1750 and 2985 rpm) spindle it was priced at $29.50 against the $51.50 of the Craftsman ball-bearing spindle lathe; it still retained the unthreaded spindle nose and plain Oilite bearings of the original model.


As the  1950s ended, Craftsman introduced this ball-bearing headstock, 12-inch wood-turning lathe. Built on a nicely ground, heavy-walled 21/4"-diameter steel tube with a cast semi-steel headstock and tailstock, the lathe had a 6-inch centre height, admitted 37 inches between centres and was provided with a 12-inch long tool rest, the working edge of which was handily marked out in inches. A riveted-on 1/2" inch wide steel key ran nearly the length of the round bed to locate the tool rest and tailstock. The spindle pulley was drilled with a ring of 36 holes indexing holes on its inner face that could be engaged in the usual way by a spring-loaded pin.
Threaded 3/4" x 16 t.p.i., the spindle had a No. 1 Morse taper, ran on sealed ball races and could be driven from either behind or below. The recommended motor was a 1/3 hp, 1750 rpm that, with a 4-step pulley matching that on the headstock, produced speeds of 875, 1350, 2250 and 3450 rpm. This was probably the last American-built wood lathe to be offered with a "Craftsman" label and, unfortunately, in an attempt to make the lathe as cheap as possible to produce (in 1959 it cost $56.95) design features were introduced that both limited the machine's specification and its ease of use: there was no provision for outboard bowl turning, the centrally-disposed and awkward-to-operate handwheel on the tailstock spindle made drilling difficult; the No. 1 Morse centres and tiny headstock spindle reduced the lathe's capacity for hard work and the too-short locking handles on the tool rest and tailstock were fiddly to operate. The left-hand half of the "headstock" (that appears in the picture to be part of the casting) is really a removable, stamped sheet-metal cover for the pulley and belt - the actual headstock casting being rather shallow and the outer surfaces of the ball bearing assemblies only about 21/4" apart, that is, too close together for really good spindle support against side loads. However, these various departures from an ideal machine design are not as serious in a wood lathe as they are in a machine for metal-turning and the round-bed Craftsman was an entirely adequate machine for its intended hobby use in a home workshop.

Craftsman, Companion & Dunlap
Wood-turning Lathes 1933 - 1943

By 1935, and with the dropping of the Herberts "Wood Wizard" range, the entire range of Craftsman wood-turning lathes had been changed. The cheapest machine, illustrated below, was the 6-inch swing by 24 inches between centres model which, like its forebears, had a 5/8-inch spindle running in bronze bearings driven by a 3-step V pulley. Instead of a central foot, the cross-braced bed was deepened in section over its central portion. The price, at $4.85, remained below the crucial $5 mark.


Craftsman 6-inch x 24-inch wood-turning lathe of 1935 - this inexpensive model remained in the lists until 1938.
  
1935 to 1936 Craftsman 9-inch lathe.
Unlike the earlier 9-inch lathe, with its ball-bearing headstock, this model made do with cheap "Oilite" porous-bronze bushes. However, the spindle was bored hollow, took a number 1 Morse-taper centre and could be fitted with a faceplate on its left-hand end for large-capacity bowl turning.. Unfortunately, the ring of 60 indexing holes on the headstock pulley was missing and the bed had lost its mid-way foot.  However (and rather surprisingly) the tailstock could be set over for taper turning and a limited range of accessories - a compound slide rest, 3 and 4 jaw chucks and a fixed steady - was available to convert it into a metal-turning lathe.
  
The Craftsman 9-inch lathe fitted for metal turning with a 16-speed countershaft unit, compound slide rest and 4-jaw chuck.

  

1935 - 1939 121/4-inch swing  by 36-inches between centres Craftsman Universal Heavy Duty Lathe.
The Universal was the best wood-turning lathe to be offered by Sears, Roebuck during the 1930s and designed by Atlas to be not only a very strong machine (it weighed 140 lbs) but also the basis upon which the 1936 Craftsman backgeared and screwcutting metal-turning lathe would be constructed.  (For more details of contemporary Atlas lathes, especially the basic 1042 models on which, in turn, the Craftsman wood-turning lathe was based, click here). The Universal could also be converted, by the addition of various parts, to a proper backgeared and screwcutting metal lathe, the makers claiming that: It grows with your shop! It actually gives you two lathes in one. Well, it might have done, but on its introduction in 1935 the lathe cost $29.95 in basic form - yet equipped with all the accessories necessary to turn it into a proper metal lathe with the correct speed range, this rose to $101.55 - an uncompetitive figure when compared to that season's (identically-specified) dedicated metal lathe at $80
In 1936 two versions of the Universal were being listed: a $32.50 model, the 99-PM-2026 with high speed line reamed babbitt bearings with laminated shim adjustment and the $34.50 99-PM-2024 with heavy-duty, deep-groove precision ball bearings. The 2026 had a spindle 1.5-inches in diameter bored to pass a 3/4-inch rod with a 1.5-inch, 8 t.p.i. nose and a No. 3 Morse taper sleeved down to a No. 2. To fit the ball races into the same headstock casting the spindle of  2024 was reduced in diameter to 1-inch, bored to pass 1/2-inch clear and with a 1-inch by 8 t.p.i. nose.  Both models had a spindle threaded left-hand on the outboard end intended for large-diameter bowl turning - though strangely no accessory kit was offered to facilitate this. Although the outboard spindle was listed as having a No. 2 Morse taper - some lathes of this type have been found with a plain 9/16" bore. All models were fitted with a balanced 4-step cast-iron V-belt pulley with a ring of 60 indexing holes  The tailstock - modelled on metal-lathe practice - could be set over for taper turning and was fitted with a No. 2 Morse taper barrel locked by a proper clamp which brought together upper and lower clamping pads. At some point during 1936 the ball-bearing model changed over to sealed ball races - with an SKF cartridge type being the selected version - yet, oddly, the headstock-mounted oil cups were still retained, though they had no connection to the bearings. In 1937 the range was reduced to one model only: the $45 Type 99-PM-2025 with a 1.5-inch diameter headstock spindle running in Timken taper roller bearings, able to pass a 3/4-inch diameter rod and available with a No. 3 Morse taper nose sleeved down to a No. 2 - the outboard bowl-turning thread being abandoned. Whilst the earlier models had a speed range (driven directly from the electric motor) of 700 to 4300 r.p.m later ones spanned 5 75 to a more sensible 2875 r.p.m.  - the reduction in top speed probably coming as a result of over-enthusiastic owners melting their plain bearings by running them on top speed for too long.  
The Universal was available until 1939, when it was replaced in the by a lighter and inferior 10-inch model illustrated here.
  

1937 Craftsman 10 inch by 36 inch "De-lux Combination".
This lathe, which was rather more substantially built and better specified than previous "mid-range" Craftsman models, was listed for only two years - 1937 and 1938 - and was unusual in having raised bedways which were semi-circular in section.
The ball bearing, No. 2 Morse taper 9/16-inch bore spindle ran inside a partially-enclosed headstock and was fitted with 1-inch x 8 t.p.i threads at both ends. A 4-step V pulley - with a ring of 60 indexing holes in its front face - provided the drive which, with the recommended 1750 rpm, 1/2 hp motor gave spindle speeds of 700, 1300, 2300 and 4300 rpm.
The heavily-built tailstock could not be set over, but was given a No. 2 Morse taper, ground-steel barrel and chromium-plated handwheel.
In 1937 the price was $23.95 - when the cheapest "Companion" lathe was $4.95 and the most expensive 12-inch "Craftsman" $39.90.


A new Companion 8-inch x 34-inch was introduced for 1939 - gone was the bed with the deepened middle section but otherwise the specification, including the skeletal tailstock, and the price of $5.45, were little changed.


1939 Craftsman 9-inch x  30". This model retained the bed of the earlier 9-inch lathe but was fitted with an improved headstock (with a hinge-up guard over the 4-step V-pulley) and a much heavier tailstock that could be set over for taper turning - useful when the lathe was fitted with metal-turning attachments. The spindle, which still ran on plain and inexpensive "Oilite" bearings, had 4 speeds from 700 to 4000 rpm - or, if the optional countershaft was used, 16 speeds from 350 to a ludicrous (from the point of view of bearing wear) 8600 rpm.

  During the 1930s the largest of the Craftsman 12-inch wood lathes had been based on an Atlas metal lathe (reduced to its basic elements) but with its taper roller bearing headstock and other refinements it must have been considered both over-engineered - and over-priced at $45 - for its role as an amateur's wood-turning lathe. It's replacement, introduced in 1939, was almost certainly manufactured by "Power King" (a company later absorbed by Atlas/Clausing) with the same" 534" prefix being used on both Craftsman and Power King models.  This 10-inch x 36-inches model was a much simpler machine, though perfectly well made and, at $26.50, a very much more modest price. The lathe featured flat ways 11/2 inches wide with the edges of the central slot machined to guide the tailstock. The headstock spindle, which was threaded at both ends, ran in the by-now-familiar and sealed-for-life SKF ball bearings - and featured a cast-in guard over the front of the headstock belt run. The model number associated with the machine above was 534-06260.
  
New for 1939 was the tiny 5-inch swing by 12 inches between centres "Junior" lathe.
Only 231/2 inches long by 4 1/2 inches wide and 61/4 inches high it had a 5" tool rest and cost just $1.59 ...
By 1941 even the Junior lathe had been given "Streamline" cosmetic treatment - whilst the price almost doubled - to $2.95.

The only real change for the 1940  season was the introduction of a semi-enclosed headstock for the 8-inch Companion lathe - and the first hints of ornamental styling in the "streamline" flashes on each side of the headstock and tailstock.
In 1941 the identical lathe was renamed the "Dunlap" (why?) - which was Sears new label for the cheaper machines in their range.
  
In 1941 both the 8-inch and 9-inch Companion lathes were renamed "Dunlap".


1942/3 Dunlap 8-inch wood-turning lathe - the last catalog picture until production restarted in 1946 and they became freely available again for the 1947 selling season (1948 Catalog).

1942/3 Dunlap 9-inch wood-turning lathe
  
In 1935 the first Craftsman wood-turning lathe with the option of a metal-turning kit was marketed. With many similarities to the company's metal turning lathe (made by Atlas) this was a very different machine in comparison with the cheaper lathes in the range.
The kit was very comprehensive and included a leadscrew, changewheels, tumble reverse assembly, a proper carriage, compound slide rest and complete backgear assembly - that, in conjunction with the 8-speed countershaft, gave the lathe 16 speeds  from a low of 28 to a high of 2540 rpm. The only snag was that, by the time the complete kit was purchased and fitted, the price exceeded that of the contemporary metal-turning lathe by at least 50%.

1935 12-inch wood-turning lathe fitted with the complete metal-lathe conversion kit.

Part of the Screwcutting Attachment - the changewheels, guard and electrical switch.

Wood-turning lathe headstock equipped with backgear to provide low speeds for large-diameter metal turning and screwcutting.

Fixed steady (with, surprisingly, screw-feed fingers) and the screwcutting dial-thread indicator.

The rest of the screwcutting conversion - twin-arm banjo to carry the changewheels, tumble-reverse mechanism and the left-hand leadscrew hanger bracket and leadscrew itself.


The two tool slides which fitted the full carriage model.
Top: the compound slide with swivelling top slide.
Below: the simple cross slide with integral tool post.
  

The full carriage assembly for the conversion to a metal lathe.
A choice of two slide rests was offered - a simple cross slide and combined tool post, or a compound slide rest - illustrated below.

Countershaft unit with adjustable motor platform.


虽然从19世纪末期开始，罗巴克公司就提供了许多木工车床，但直到1933年，这个系列才合理化了两个品牌：比较便宜的型号和更加昂贵的型号的工匠。所提供的机器一直是一个相当杂项的选择 - 脆弱的建设 - 许多人被长久以来被遗忘的小制造商，其中一些在目录中只有一年之前被取代，今天，他们是非常罕见的工匠和伴侣标签不仅用于金属和木材车床，还用于各种各样的动力和手工工具，另一个名字叫做“Dunlap”，它取代了1941年的“Companion”品牌。
在老木工机械集团（http://owwm.com）上发表的研究发现了以下更重要的同伴，工匠和邓拉普品牌木工机械的制造商：
Herberts Machinery Co. King-Seeley Corp.（型号前缀103）木工车床直到1934/5 American Machine＆Tool Co.，Inc.（型号前缀149）
Atlas Press（型号前缀101）
Belsaw Machinery Co.（型号前缀306）
Brown-Brockmeyer Co.（型号前缀410）
Clausing Industrial，Inc.（型号前缀534）
DeWalt Products Co.（型号前缀901）
双A产品公司（AA产品）（型号前缀109）
艾默生电气公司（型号前缀113）
Parks Woodworking Machine Co.（型号前缀112）
Power King Tool Corp.（型号前缀534）
Syncro公司（型号前缀110）
西普尔制造公司
Walker-Turner Co.，Inc.（型号前缀102）。

  
  

1929年Clipper是20世纪20年代后期最基本的车床，带有单速巴氏合金轴承座和“新鲜空气”尾座。中心的高度是5.5“，根据你的勇敢程度和你需要什么木材，中心之间的距离可以达到你想要的高度，即使在今天，这种方法仍然是建造大型木结构建筑的有效方法，最低成本的车床，美国的Conover公司就是最近的例子。
主轴的直径为1英寸，在右侧带有一个面板（带有一个未知规格的中心插座），后面则在两个法兰之间安装了圆锯或砂轮，车床上装有一个驱动中心，一个相当小的径向开槽的面板，一个可调节的凿子支撑和称重 - 尽管尾部纤细，可观的60磅，1929年的成本为15.50美元。

  
  
  

1929年的进展 - 有了更重的头架（虽然几乎没有改进的尾座），这个13英寸的摆动车床有一个直径13/16“的主轴，带有两个皮带轮（直径6和4英寸），由11/2” 。
车床是一个完整的快速和松散的中间轴单元 - 允许电机保持运行，当皮带被皮带叉从皮带轮移动到空转皮带轮时。车床和副轴的重量为130磅，而且价格高达38美元。

  


1929年带有快松滑轮的木工车床2速副轴。
  

1930年“绝世”。可能由俄亥俄州Toledo的Sypher制造公司制造，这是一个有趣的尝试，推出一个自足的电动木车床。挥杆是12“和中心之间的容量36”;电机是一台普通的单速，1 / 3hp，110伏交流电机组，以1750转/分的速度运行，在其主轴上装有一个面板和中心。床由便宜的角钢部分制成，并带有最简单的尾座和刀架。车床价格为33美元，其中包括运费在美国的任何地方。
Sypher自己的电动车床车床拥有更好的刀架，一个带有螺纹进给和自动弹出桶的合适尾座，考虑到机器的质量，更保守地摆动了7.75“ - 但奇怪的是，很好的支持和机器成本比“无双”多12美元。

  
  

1930年“挑战者家庭作坊”
建在大萧条的深处，只有85美元的“挑战者家庭作坊”的一部分，上面的木材车床是另一个简约的西尔斯生产，尽可能少的材料做最大的工作量。
8英寸的锯床和4英寸的刨床看上去结实耐用，6英寸的摆动式3速车床非常轻便，床头柜和尾座不用支撑，而是用单个螺栓固定在一个轨道上简单的角钢床。但是请注意，传动是由V带传递给悬挂式滑轮 - 第一次在Sears车床上使用V型带 - 很可能是在业余机床上首次使用。

  

1932年“司机”
建立在与铸铁床头柜，尾座和工具托架（以及悬臂驱动滑轮）的角钢床上，这是一个非常小的车床 - 所以

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